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# Simple site template
# rnd's website source code
An attempt to use makefiles, markdown and a bit of bash to make a simple static website and easily upload it to neocities.
This is the source code to rnd's website at <https://rnd.neocities.org/>.
Included are all the files and scripts used to build it, with the exception of
the `upload.pwd` file containing the account password and possibly some files
containing other identifying information.

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% toki pona page 0 - introduction
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
# About toki pona
This is the first (or 0th, in this case) in a series of pages about the *toki
pona*, a constructed language originally designed in 2001 and then gradually
revised over the years by Sonja Lang.
The language is designed around the ideas of minimalist design and simplifying
one's thoughts, with complicated ideas being broken into their basic components.
As a result, the language is considered to be incredibly easy to learn, with
some people claiming to be able to read it after only days and achieving fluency
within a week or two.
With an official vocabulary of around 120 words (plus some new additional
words created in the community), a simple grammar and an easy-to-learn phonology,
learning toki pona is, in fact, a relatively simple challenge, even compared to
other simplified constructed languages, such as Esperanto.
However, with that simplicity also come limitations. Many words have multiple
meanings, and a lot of phrases or sentences are ambiguous without context.
Expressing many concepts and ideas in toki pona will require one to come up with
their own phrases or rephrase them completely (which, as mentioned before, is
part of the language's idea).
The language is also designed to be easy to use regardless of one's native
language. The sounds and syllable structure used in toki pona are distinct from
one another and common across many languages, whereas the vocabulary features
words borrowed from many languages across the world.
# About this course
There are several good sources to educate yourself about toki pona available
already. The most important (and best, in my opinion), is the [official toki
pona book](https://tokipona.org/) (also known as "pu") published in 2014 by
Sonja Lang herself. It is not free, but it's a well-written book with lots of
additional texts to read and it explains the language very well.
Another useful resource is the online course ["o kama sona e toki
pona!"](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona.php) (learn
toki pona!) by Bryant Knight (aka "jan Pije"). It has some differences in how it
uses certain words, and the past versions of the course have attracted some
controversy, but it's also a well-made course.
My goal here is to try and present a version that tries to account for the
different ways people speak and write toki pona and the way it is being used
now. My personal style is mostly based on "pu", but with slight adjustments, but
other styles will be covered as well.
[Next page](1.html)

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% toki pona page 1 - spelling and pronunciation
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The language *toki pona* only uses 14 letters of the Latin alphabet, and all of
these letters have consistent pronunciations.
These are: a,e,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,s,t,u,w.
You might have noticed that all these letters are lowercase. This is because all
toki pona words are spelled in lowercase, even at the start of sentences.
The consonants use the same sounds as those in English, with the exception of
"j", which instead sounds like the English "y".
The vowels are a bit more complicated (or more simple, depending on your view).
Unlike English, every vowel uses the same sound in all words. If you know how
to pronounce the vowel sounds in Spanish, Japanese or Esperanto, then you can
pronounce them the same way in toki pona.
For examples of English words with corresponding pronunciations:
* **a** sounds like the "u" in the word "up" or (in some variants of English)
the "a" in "bath".
* **e** sounds like the "e" in the word "bet".
* **i** sounds like the "i" in the word "win".
* **o** sounds like the "o" in the word "long".
* **u** sounds like the "oo" in "oops" or "moon".
Since there are so few sounds, different speakers may pronounce it with some
differences. For example, some might substitute the sounds "p,t,k" with "b,d,g".
All toki pona words are pronounced with stress on their first syllable.
## Exercises
Here are some toki pona words that are derived from, or sound similar to, other
English words:
| toki pona | sounds similar to |
|-----------|-------------------|
| jaki | yucky |
| jelo | yellow |
| ken | can |
| mani | money |
| mi | me |
| mun | moon |
| tu | two |
| wan | one |
[Previous page](0.html) [Next page](2.html)

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% toki pona page 2 - basic sentences
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|---------------------------------|------------------------------|
| mi | i, me, us | Esperanto "mi" (I, me) |
| sina | you | Finnish "sinä" (you) |
| ona | he, she, they, it | Serbo-Croatian "ona" (she) |
| li | (between subj. and verb/adj.) | Esperanto "li" (he) |
| pona | good, simple, to improve, to fix| Esperanto "bona" (good) |
| ike | bad, evil, complex, unnecessary | Finnish "ilkeä" (bad) |
| suli | big, great, important | Finnish "suuri" (big, great) |
| lili | small, short, few, young | Tok Pisin "liklik" (small) |
| kili | fruit, vegetable, mushroom | Georgian "xili" (fruit) |
| soweli| land mammal, animal | Georgian "cxoveli" (beastly animal)|
Let's start with the most basic sentence structure in toki pona:
> [noun] li [noun / adjective].
In English, this would mean:
> [Noun] is (a) [noun].
or
> [Noun] is [adjective].
For example:
> ona li suli. - (He/she/it/they) is (big/great/important).
As you can see, a single word can have multiple related meanings. In practical
usage, both "ona" and "suli" will be more clear based on context.
> kili li pona. - (Fruit/vegetable/mushroom)(s) (is/are) good.
And in this case, it doesn't make a lot of sense to use any meaning of "pona"
other than "good".
There is one exception to the rule. If the subject is "mi" or "sina", then it is
not necessary to add the word "li". So, instead of
> sina li suli. - You are important.
it's
> sina suli. - You are important.
## Exercises
Now, how would you express the following ideas?
* Animals are important.
* He is little.
* I am great.
* It is a dog.
* You are bad.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * soweli li suli.
> * ona li lili.
> * mi suli.
> * ona li soweli.
> * sina ike.
[Next page](3.html) [Previous page](1.html)

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% toki pona page 3 - adjectives
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| ala | no, not, zero | Georgian "ara" (no) |
| ale/ali | all, everything, universe | Dutch "alle" (all) |
| utala | fight, battle, challenge | Serbo-Croatian "udarati" (hit)|
| wawa | strong, powerful | Finnish "vahva" (strong) |
| suwi | sweet, cute, adorable | Tok Pisin "suwi" (sweet) |
| jan | person, people, humanity | Cantonese "jan" (person) |
| mama | parent, ancestor, creator | Georgian "mama" (father) |
| meli | woman, female, feminine, wife | Tok Pisin "meri" (woman, wife)|
| mije | man, male, masculine | Finnish "mies" (man, husband) |
| moku | food, to eat | Japanese "mogumogu" (munching)|
To define subjects and adjectives more clearly, you can add extra words as
adjectives. In toki pona, an adjective that modifies a noun stands after the
noun in question. This is unlike English, where adjectives go before nouns. So,
for example:
> jan wawa - strong person
Many of the nouns covered before can also function as adjectives. For example,
the pronouns "mi", "sina" and "ona" can serve as possessives.
> mama mi - my parent
Of note is the phrase "jan pona", which literally means "good person", but is
widely (and officially) accepted to also mean "friend".
Here are some example sentences that demonstrate this:
> mama mi li pona. - My parents are good.
> kili suwi li moku pona. - Sweet fruits are good food.
> jan utala li wawa. - The warrior ("fighting person") is strong.
> jan lili mi li suwi. - My children ("young people") are cute.
> soweli lili li wawa ala. - Little animals are not strong.
> %warning%
> It is worth noting that the particle "li" is only removed if the subject is
> just the word "mi" or "sina". If it has any adjectives added to it, then the
> particle is used.
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* meli mi li pona.
* mije sina li suli.
* mama mije mi li wawa.
* soweli ale li pona.
* kili li moku suli.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* My wife is adorable.
* All warriors are bad.
* My friends are your friends.
* Your son is strong.
* The small fruit is sweet.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * My wife is good.
> * Your husband is (big/important).
> * My dad is strong.
> * All animals are good.
> * Fruits are important food.
> %spoiler%
> * meli mi li suwi.
> * jan utala ale li ike.
> * jan pona mi li jan pona sina.
> * jan lili mije sina li wawa.
> * kili lili li suwi.
[Next page](4.html) [Previous page](2.html)

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% toki pona page 4 - verbs and objects
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| e | (specifies an object) | unknown origin |
| ijo | thing, object | Esperanto "io" (something) |
| ilo | tool, machine, device | Esperanto "ilo" (tool) |
| lipu | book, document, paper | Finnish "lippu" (flag, banner) |
| lukin | eye, to look, to see, to seek to | Tok Pisin "lukim" (see, look at) |
| olin | love, compassion, affection | Serbo-Croatian "volim" (I love) |
| pali | to do, to work, to make, labor | Esperanto "fari" (do, make) |
| pana | to give, to send, to emit | Finnish "panna" (put, set, place) |
| telo | water, fluid, to water, to clean | Acadian French "de l'eau" (water) |
| tomo | home, room, structure | Esperanto "domo" (house) |
To add a verb to the sentence, use the following structure:
> [noun] li [verb]
For example,
> mije li pali. - A man is working. / A man works.
Both the noun and the verb can have adjectives added after it.
> jan wawa li pali pona. - A strong person is working well.
> %info%
> Verbs don't have any tense information in them. A way to specify time will be
explained in a later page.
To add an object -- the thing that the verb applies to -- use the particle "e"
for a following structure:
> [subject] li [verb] e [object]
> jan wawa li pali e tomo. - A strong person is (building/working on) a house.
Objects can also have adjectives added to them.
> jan pali li pana e moku pona. - A worker gives out good food.
Here are some sentences:
> jan pona mi li pona e ilo lukin. - My friend is (improving/fixing) a looking
> instrument (glasses, binoculars, microscope, etc.).
> mi telo e moku. - I clean the food.
> mi olin e meli mi. - I love my wife.
Since the word "lukin" itself describes the act of seeing someone, rather than
their appearance, complimenting someone on the latter would usually be expressed
as:
> sina pona lukin. - You look good (are "good visually").
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* jan lili li pana e telo lukin.
* ona li lukin e lipu.
* soweli ike li utala e meli.
* jan utala li moku e kili suli.
* soweli lili li moku e telo.
* mi telo e ijo suli.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* She loves every person.
* The bathroom (house of water) is good.
* I hand out documents.
* An evil warrior is looking at your house.
* My instrument is working well.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * A child is crying (emitting eye water).
> * (He/she/they) look at a document.
> * The bad animal is attacking a woman.
> * The warrior is eating a big (fruit/vegetable/mushroom).
> * Little animals are drinking water.
> * I am (watering/cleaning) something big.
> %spoiler%
> * ona li olin e jan ale.
> * tomo telo li pona.
> * mi pana e lipu.
> * jan utala ike li lukin e tomo sina.
> * ilo mi li pali pona.
[Next page](5.html) [Previous page](3.html)

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% toki pona page 5 - oh no! more vocabulary
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| jo | to have/carry/contain/hold | Mandarin "yǒu" (have) |
| kala | fish, marine animal, sea creature| Finnish "kala" (fish) |
| kasi | plant, grass, herb, leaf | Finnish "kasvi" (plant) |
| pipi | insect, bug | Acadian French "bibitte" (bug) |
| sitelen | symbol, image, writing, to draw | Dutch "schilderen" (paint) |
| toki | speech, to talk, language | Tok Pisin "tok" (talk) |
| waso | bird, flying creature | French "oiseau" (bird) |
| ma | earth, land, outdoors, territory | Finnish "maa" (earth/land) |
| kiwen | hard object, metal, stone, solid | Finnish "kiven" (of a stone) |
| ko | powder, clay, semi-solid | Cantonese "gou" (cream/paste) |
This page will only cover the ten new words and a few small concepts.
> jan pali li telo e kasi. - The worker is watering the plants.
> jan wawa li jo e kiwen suli. - The strong person is carrying big rocks.
> telo suli li jo e kala. - The sea/ocean (big water) has fish.
> mi sitelen e toki sina. - I'm writing down your speech.
> waso lili li moku e pipi. - The small bird eats bugs.
> ma tomo mi li suli. - My city ("housed land") is big.
And here's some sentences that use interesting phrases.
> jan pali li toki utala e tomo mi. - The worker criticizes ("talks in a
> fighting way about") my house.
> ona li toki ike e jan pona mi. - They (insult / speak bad things about) my
> friend(s).
Okay, I will explain one more concept. You can put several verbs and several
objects into one sentence by adding extra particles "li" or "e" followed by
their verbs or objects.
> meli li toki e soweli, e waso. - A woman is talking about land animals and
> birds.
> jan pali li pona e ilo, li lukin e lipu. - A worker fixes the device and looks
> at (reads) a document.
## Dialectal differences
> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
If the subject is "mi" or "sina" (and therefore it doesn't have a particle
"li"), you can do one of two things to add an extra verb.
* The official book ("pu") suggests that you simply duplicate the sentence:
> mi pali. mi moku. - I work and eat.
* The "o kama sona e toki pona!" course instead suggests you add a second "li":
> mi pali, li moku. - I work and eat.
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* mi moku ala e soweli.
* jan pona sina li toki e ma, e telo.
* jan suli li lukin a ma tomo, li sitelen e ijo.
* ma li jo e kasi ike.
* pipi lili li suli, li pona.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Your city doesn't have any workers.
* My husband doesn't work, (only) eats and fights.
*
*
* My friend has fish and fruit and makes good food.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * I don't eat animals (i.e. meat).
> * Your friend is talking about the land and the water.
> * An important person is looking at the city and writing things down.
> * The land has weeds ("bad plants").
> * Small bugs are important and good.
> %spoiler%
> * ma tomo sina li jo ala e jan pali.
> * mije ma li pali ala, li moku, li utala.
> *
> *
> * jan pona mi li jo e kala e kili li pali e moku pona.
[Next page](6.html) [Previous page](4.html)

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% toki pona page 6 - this and that
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| ante | different, changed, to change | Dutch "ander" (other, different) |
| awen | keep, stay, endure, protect | Dutch "houden" (keep, care for) |
| en | and (combines subjects) | Dutch "en" (and) |
| kalama | sound, noise, to read/make sound| Serbo-Croatian "galama" (noise) |
| kulupu | group, community, society | Tongan "kulupu" (from "group") |
| lape | sleep, rest | Dutch "slapen" (sleep) |
| mute | many, more, quantity | Esperanto "multe" (a lot) |
| ni | this, that | Cantonese "ni" (this) |
| pakala | break, mistake, (generic curse) | Tok Pisin "bagarap" (accident) |
| seli | heat, warmth, chemical reaction | Georgian "cxeli" (hot) |
Before we discover a whole new type of words and new grammar, let's fill in some
blanks.
The word "en" lets one combine several subjects in one sentence:
> mi en sina li moku. -- Me and you are eating.
Note that it is _not_ used to combine several verbs or objects.
The word "mute" allows to specify whether the subject (or object) is singular or
plural.
> jan utala mute -- many warriors
> mi mute -- we, us
Here are some example sentences:
> jan lili mute li lape. -- The children are sleeping.
> kulupu ni li pona mute. -- This community is very good.
> kiwen suli li pakala e tomo lipu. -- A big rock damaged the library ("house of
> books").
> mi pakala lili. -- I made a little mistake.
> ilo sina li kalama mute ike. -- Your instrument is making lots of bad noise.
The word "ni" is also used to create more complex sentences.
> jan lili toki e ni: sina pona. -- The child said that you're good.
## Dialectal differences
> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
There doesn't seem to be an agreement whether or not "en" can be used within
phrases that use the particle "pi" (will be explained later). In addition, Sonja
Lang herself said that using "en" to combine several objects is "not completely
wrong", but rather stylistically inelegant.
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* mi moku ala e soweli.
* jan pona sina li toki e ma e telo.
* mi pali e tomo ni.
* jan utala pona mute li awen e kulupu ni.
*
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Your city doesn't have any workers.
*
*
*
*
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * I don't eat animals (i.e. meat).
> * Your friend is talking about the land and the water.
> * I built this house.
> * The good warriors will protect this community.
> *
> %spoiler%
> * ma tomo sina li jo ala e jan pali.
> *
> *
> *
> *
[Next page](7.html) [Previous page](5.html)

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% toki pona page 7 - prepositions and locations
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page will be divided into two groups. Prepositions:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kepeken | to use, using, with the help of | Dutch "gebruiken" (to use) |
| lon | in, at, on, true, present, exist| Tok Pisin "long" (at, in, on) |
| sama | same as, similar, like, sibling | Esperanto/Finnish "sama" (same) |
| tan | from, because of, cause, reason | Cantonese "tsung" (from) |
| tawa | to, for, moving, from persp. of | English "towards" |
And regular words (which in this case all relate to locations):
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| sewi | up, above, sky, divine, sacred | Georgian "zevit" (upwards) |
| noka | foot, leg, bottom, under | Serbo-Croatian "noga" (foot/leg) |
| poka | hip, side, next to, nearby | Serbo-Croatian "boka" (of side) |
| monsi | back, behind, rear | Acadian French "mon tchu" |
| sinpin | face, foremost, front, wall | Cantonese "tsin bin" (in front) |
Prepositions are words that are attacked to other parts of the sentence in order
to express a place or time (more on that in the future) or a specific detail
about the action.
In toki pona, the words "kepeken", "lon", "sama", "tan" and "tawa" can be
prepositions -- in which case they're added at the end of the sentence without
any extra particles -- or as regular words with related meanings.
Here are some examples of all five of these words, both as prepositions and as
regular words:
> mi pona e tomo kepeken ilo mi. -- I am repairing the house using my tools.
> mi toki kepeken toki pona. -- I speak in toki pona.
> sina kepeken e ilo sitelen. -- You are using a writing/drawing tool (pen,
> pencil, brush).
> mi lon tomo sina. -- I am in your house.
> jan ike li kalama mute lon tomo lipu. -- A bad person is being very noisy
> in the library.
> ona toki e ijo lon. -- He/she/they speak the truth ("talk about things that
> exist").
> mi en sina li sama. -- You and I are similar.
> meli sama mi li pona. -- My sister is good.
> kiwen lili li sama lukin pipi. -- The pebble ("small rock") looks like a bug.
> mi lape tan ni: mi jo ala e wawa. -- I sleep, because i don't have any energy.
> mi tawa tan tomo mi. -- I am leaving my house.
> tomo tawa mi li pona. -- My car ("moving house/structure") is good.
> mi tawa lon tomo moku. -- I am going to the restaurant ("house of food").
The word "tawa" can also express perspective.
> sina li pona tawa mi. -- I like you. ("You are good for me.")
And here are some examples of the location words:
> waso mute li lon sewi. -- Many birds are in the sky.
> mi toki tawa jan sewi. -- I speak to a (deity/angel/someone divine/man in the
> sky).
## Dialectal differences
> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
The official book uses "lon" with a wider meaning, also including "with". For
example, "I speak in toki pona" is translated as "mi toki lon toki pona". This
does not seem to be a common usage of the word.
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* mi moku ala e soweli.
* jan pona sina li toki e ma e telo.
* mi pali e tomo ni.
* jan utala pona mute li awen e kulupu ni.
*
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Your city doesn't have any workers.
*
*
*
*
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * I don't eat animals (i.e. meat).
> * Your friend is talking about the land and the water.
> * I built this house.
> * The good warriors will protect this community.
> *
> %spoiler%
> * ma tomo sina li jo ala e jan pali.
> *
> *
> *
> *
[Next page](7.html) [Previous page](5.html)

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| word | page |
|----------|---------|
| a/kin | |
| akesi | |
| ala | 3 |
| alasa | |
| ale/ali | 3 |
| anpa | |
| ante | 6 |
| anu | |
| awen | 6 |
| e | 4 |
| en | 6 |
| esun | |
| ijo | 4 |
| ike | 2 |
| ilo | 4 |
| insa | |
| jaki | |
| jan | 3 |
| jelo | |
| jo | 5 |
| kala | 5 |
| kalama | 6 |
| kama | |
| kasi | 5 |
| ken | |
| kepeken | 7 |
| kili | 2 |
| kiwen | 5 |
| ko | 5 |
| kon | |
| kule | |
| kulupu | 6 |
| kute | |
| la | |
| lape | 6 |
| laso | |
| lawa | |
| len | |
| lete | |
| li | 2 |
| lili | 2 |
| linja | |
| lipu | 4 |
| loje | |
| lon | 7 |
| luka | |
| lukin | 4 |
| lupa | |
| ma | 5 |
| mama | 3 |
| mani | |
| meli | 3 |
| mi | 2 |
| mije | 3 |
| moku | 3 |
| moli | |
| monsi | 7 |
| mu | |
| mun | 6 |
| musi | |
| mute | 6 |
| nanpa | |
| nasa | |
| nasin | |
| nena | |
| ni | 6 |
| nimi | |
| noka | 7 |
| o | |
| olin | 4 |
| ona | 2 |
| open | |
| pakala | 6 |
| pali | 4 |
| palisa | |
| pan | |
| pana | 4 |
| pi | |
| pilin | |
| pimeja | |
| pini | |
| pipi | 5 |
| poka | 7 |
| poki | |
| pona | 2 |
| pu | |
| sama | 7 |
| seli | 6 |
| selo | |
| seme | |
| sewi | 7 |
| sijelo | |
| sike | |
| sin | |
| sina | 2 |
| sinpin | 7 |
| sitelen | 5 |
| sona | |
| soweli | 2 |
| suli | 2 |
| suno | |
| supa | |
| suwi | 3 |
| tan | 7 |
| taso | |
| tawa | 7 |
| telo | 4 |
| tenpo | |
| toki | 5 |
| tomo | 4 |
| tu | |
| unpa | |
| uta | |
| utala | 3 |
| walo | |
| wan | |
| waso | 5 |
| wawa | 3 |
| weka | |
| wile | |