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% toki pona page 0 - introduction
% toki pona page 0 - spelling and pronunciation
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
# About toki pona
The language *toki pona* only uses 14 letters of the Latin alphabet, and all of
these letters have consistent pronunciations.
This is the first (or 0th, in this case) in a series of pages about the *toki
pona*, a constructed language originally designed in 2001 and then gradually
revised over the years by Sonja Lang.
These are: a,e,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,s,t,u,w.
The language is designed around the ideas of minimalist design and simplifying
one's thoughts, with complicated ideas being broken into their basic components.
As a result, the language is considered to be incredibly easy to learn, with
some people claiming to be able to read it after only days and achieving fluency
within a week or two.
You might have noticed that all these letters are lowercase. This is because all
toki pona words are spelled in lowercase, even at the start of sentences.
With an official vocabulary of around 120 words (plus some new additional
words created in the community), a simple grammar and an easy-to-learn phonology,
learning toki pona is, in fact, a relatively simple challenge, even compared to
other simplified constructed languages, such as Esperanto.
The consonants use the same sounds as those in English, with the exception of
"j", which instead sounds like the English "y".
However, with that simplicity also come limitations. Many words have multiple
meanings, and a lot of phrases or sentences are ambiguous without context.
Expressing many concepts and ideas in toki pona will require one to come up with
their own phrases or rephrase them completely (which, as mentioned before, is
part of the language's idea).
The vowels are a bit more complicated (or more simple, depending on your view).
Unlike English, every vowel uses the same sound in all words. If you know how
to pronounce the vowel sounds in Spanish, Japanese or Esperanto, then you can
pronounce them the same way in toki pona.
The language is also designed to be easy to use regardless of one's native
language. The sounds and syllable structure used in toki pona are distinct from
one another and common across many languages, whereas the vocabulary features
words borrowed from many languages across the world.
For examples of English words with corresponding pronunciations:
# About this course
* **a** sounds like the "u" in the word "up" or (in some variants of English)
the "a" in "bath".
There are several good sources to educate yourself about toki pona available
already. The most important (and best, in my opinion), is the [official toki
pona book](https://tokipona.org/) (also known as "pu") published in 2014 by
Sonja Lang herself. It is not free, but it's a well-written book with lots of
additional texts to read and it explains the language very well.
* **e** sounds like the "e" in the word "bet".
Another useful resource is the online course ["o kama sona e toki
pona!"](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona.php) (learn
toki pona!) by Bryant Knight (aka "jan Pije"). It has some differences in how it
uses certain words, and the past versions of the course have attracted some
controversy, but it's also a well-made course.
* **i** sounds like the "i" in the word "win".
My goal here is to try and present a version that tries to account for the
different ways people speak and write toki pona and the way it is being used
now. My personal style is mostly based on "pu", but with slight adjustments, but
other styles will be covered as well.
* **o** sounds like the "o" in the word "long".
* **u** sounds like the "oo" in "oops" or "moon".
Since there are so few sounds, different speakers may pronounce it with some
differences. For example, some might substitute the sounds "p,t,k" with "b,d,g".
All toki pona words are pronounced with stress on their first syllable.
## Exercises
Here are some toki pona words that are derived from, or sound similar to, other
English words:
| toki pona | sounds similar to |
|-----------|-------------------|
| jaki | yucky |
| jelo | yellow |
| ken | can |
| mani | money |
| mi | me |
| mun | moon |
| tu | two |
| wan | one |
[Next page](1.html)

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% toki pona page 1 - spelling and pronunciation
% toki pona page 1 - basic sentences
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The language *toki pona* only uses 14 letters of the Latin alphabet, and all of
these letters have consistent pronunciations.
The vocabulary for this page:
These are: a,e,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,s,t,u,w.
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|---------------------------------|------------------------------|
| mi | i, me, us | Esperanto "mi" (I, me) |
| sina | you | Finnish "sinä" (you) |
| ona | he, she, they, it | Serbo-Croatian "ona" (she) |
| li | (between subj. and verb/adj.) | Esperanto "li" (he) |
| pona | good, simple, to improve, to fix| Esperanto "bona" (good) |
| ike | bad, evil, complex, unnecessary | Finnish "ilkeä" (bad) |
| suli | big, great, important, to grow | Finnish "suuri" (big, great) |
| lili | small, few, young, to shrink | Tok Pisin "liklik" (small) |
| kili | fruit, vegetable, mushroom | Georgian "xili" (fruit) |
| soweli| land mammal, animal | Georgian "cxoveli" (beastly animal)|
You might have noticed that all these letters are lowercase. This is because all
toki pona words are spelled in lowercase, even at the start of sentences.
Let's start with the most basic sentence structure in toki pona:
The consonants use the same sounds as those in English, with the exception of
"j", which instead sounds like the English "y".
> [noun] li [noun / adjective].
The vowels are a bit more complicated (or more simple, depending on your view).
Unlike English, every vowel uses the same sound in all words. If you know how
to pronounce the vowel sounds in Spanish, Japanese or Esperanto, then you can
pronounce them the same way in toki pona.
In English, this would mean:
For examples of English words with corresponding pronunciations:
> [Noun] is (a) [noun].
* **a** sounds like the "u" in the word "up" or (in some variants of English)
the "a" in "bath".
or
* **e** sounds like the "e" in the word "bet".
> [Noun] is [adjective].
* **i** sounds like the "i" in the word "win".
For example:
* **o** sounds like the "o" in the word "long".
> ona li suli. - (He/she/it/they) is (big/great/important).
* **u** sounds like the "oo" in "oops" or "moon".
As you can see, a single word can have multiple related meanings. In practical
usage, both "ona" and "suli" will be more clear based on context.
Since there are so few sounds, different speakers may pronounce it with some
differences. For example, some might substitute the sounds "p,t,k" with "b,d,g".
> kili li pona. - (Fruit/vegetable/mushroom)(s) (is/are) good.
All toki pona words are pronounced with stress on their first syllable.
And in this case, it doesn't make a lot of sense to use any meaning of "pona"
other than "good".
There is one exception to the rule. If the subject is "mi" or "sina", then it is
not necessary to add the word "li". So, instead of
> sina li suli. - You are important.
it's
> sina suli. - You are important.
## Exercises
Here are some toki pona words that are derived from, or sound similar to, other
English words:
Now, how would you express the following ideas?
| toki pona | sounds similar to |
|-----------|-------------------|
| jaki | yucky |
| jelo | yellow |
| ken | can |
| mani | money |
| mi | me |
| mun | moon |
| tu | two |
| wan | one |
* Animals are important.
* He is little.
* I am great.
* It is a dog.
* You are bad.
[Previous page](0.html) [Next page](2.html)
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * soweli li suli.
> * ona li lili.
> * mi suli.
> * ona li soweli.
> * sina ike.
[Next page](2.html) [Previous page](0.html)

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% toki pona page 10 - complex adjectives and contexts
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| pi | "of" (groups adjectives) | Tok Pisin "bilong" (of) |
| la | "if/when" (introduces context) | Esperanto "la" (definite article)|
| luka | hand, arm | Serbo-Croatian "ruka" (arm) |
| linja | long flexible object, hair | Finnish "linja" (line) |
| palisa| long solid object, branch, stick | Serbo-Croatian "palica" (rod) |
| selo | outer form, shell, skin, boundary| Esperanto "ŝelo" (skin) |
| sijelo| body, physical state, torso | Serbo-Croatian "tijelo" (body) |
| len | cloth, clothes, layer of privacy | Acadian French "linge" (clothing)|
| lete | cold, raw | Acadian French "frette" (cold) |
| musi | entertaining, artistic, fun, game| Esperanto "amuzi" (have fun) |
Time to introduce two another particles in this language: "pi" and "la".
## pi
The word "pi" works by grouping several adjectives together. Normally, all
adjectives in a phrase apply to the first word.
For example:
> jan wawa -- strong person
> jan wawa ala -- no strong people
If you need to say "weak people", you need to negate "wawa", but not "jan".
That's where "pi" comes in handy:
> jan pi wawa ala -- weak person/people ("of no strength")
It is also useful for phrases that use unofficial words.
> ma tomo Wasintan li ma tomo lawa pi ma Mewika. -- (the city of) Washington is
> the capital ("main city") of the United States.
## la
The word "la" allows to combine two sentences to form conditions and introduce
context.
> [sentence A] la [sentence B].
This translates to something like:
> If [sentence A], then [sentence B].
## Dialectal differences
> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
The official book, the "o kama sona e toki pona!" course and my personal style
differ on how to place punctuation in sentences that use "la".
The official book sometimes uses a comma before "la" and sometimes uses no
punctuation.
The online course doesn't use any punctuation.
I personally prefer using the comma after "la".
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
*
*
*
*
*
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
*
*
*
*
*
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> *
> *
> *
> *
> *
> %spoiler%
> *
> *
> *
> *
> *
[Next page](11.html) [Previous page](9.html)

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% toki pona page 2 - basic sentences
% toki pona page 2 - adjectives
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|---------------------------------|------------------------------|
| mi | i, me, us | Esperanto "mi" (I, me) |
| sina | you | Finnish "sinä" (you) |
| ona | he, she, they, it | Serbo-Croatian "ona" (she) |
| li | (between subj. and verb/adj.) | Esperanto "li" (he) |
| pona | good, simple, to improve, to fix| Esperanto "bona" (good) |
| ike | bad, evil, complex, unnecessary | Finnish "ilkeä" (bad) |
| suli | big, great, important, to grow | Finnish "suuri" (big, great) |
| lili | small, few, young, to shrink | Tok Pisin "liklik" (small) |
| kili | fruit, vegetable, mushroom | Georgian "xili" (fruit) |
| soweli| land mammal, animal | Georgian "cxoveli" (beastly animal)|
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| ala | no, not, zero | Georgian "ara" (no) |
| ale/ali | all, everything, universe | Dutch "alle" (all) |
| utala | fight, battle, challenge | Serbo-Croatian "udarati" (hit)|
| wawa | strong, powerful | Finnish "vahva" (strong) |
| suwi | sweet, cute, adorable | Tok Pisin "suwi" (sweet) |
| jan | person, people, humanity | Cantonese "jan" (person) |
| mama | parent, ancestor, creator, origin| Georgian "mama" (father) |
| meli | woman, female, feminine, wife | Tok Pisin "meri" (woman, wife)|
| mije | man, male, masculine | Finnish "mies" (man, husband) |
| moku | food, to eat | Japanese "mogumogu" (munching)|
Let's start with the most basic sentence structure in toki pona:
To define subjects and adjectives more clearly, you can add extra words as
adjectives. In toki pona, an adjective that modifies a noun stands after the
noun in question. This is unlike English, where adjectives go before nouns. So,
for example:
> [noun] li [noun / adjective].
> jan wawa - strong person
In English, this would mean:
Many of the nouns covered before can also function as adjectives. For example,
the pronouns "mi", "sina" and "ona" can serve as possessives.
> [Noun] is (a) [noun].
> mama mi - my parent
or
Of note is the phrase "jan pona", which literally means "good person", but is
widely (and officially) accepted to also mean "friend".
> [Noun] is [adjective].
Here are some example sentences that demonstrate this:
For example:
> mama mi li pona. - My parents are good.
> ona li suli. - (He/she/it/they) is (big/great/important).
> kili suwi li moku pona. - Sweet fruits are good food.
As you can see, a single word can have multiple related meanings. In practical
usage, both "ona" and "suli" will be more clear based on context.
> jan utala li wawa. - The warrior ("fighting person") is strong.
> kili li pona. - (Fruit/vegetable/mushroom)(s) (is/are) good.
> jan lili mi li suwi. - My children ("young people") are cute.
And in this case, it doesn't make a lot of sense to use any meaning of "pona"
other than "good".
> soweli lili li wawa ala. - Little animals are not strong.
There is one exception to the rule. If the subject is "mi" or "sina", then it is
not necessary to add the word "li". So, instead of
> sina li suli. - You are important.
it's
> sina suli. - You are important.
> %warning%
> It is worth noting that the particle "li" is only removed if the subject is
> just the word "mi" or "sina". If it has any adjectives added to it, then the
> particle is used.
## Exercises
Now, how would you express the following ideas?
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* Animals are important.
* He is little.
* I am great.
* It is a dog.
* You are bad.
* meli mi li pona.
* mije sina li suli.
* mama mije mi li wawa.
* soweli ale li pona.
* kili li moku suli.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* My wife is adorable.
* All warriors are bad.
* My friends are your friends.
* Your son is strong.
* The small fruit is sweet.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * soweli li suli.
> * ona li lili.
> * mi suli.
> * ona li soweli.
> * sina ike.
> * My wife is good.
> * Your husband is (big/important).
> * My dad is strong.
> * All animals are good.
> * Fruits are important food.
> %spoiler%
> * meli mi li suwi.
> * jan utala ale li ike.
> * jan pona mi li jan pona sina.
> * jan lili mije sina li wawa.
> * kili lili li suwi.
[Next page](3.html) [Previous page](1.html)

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% toki pona page 3 - adjectives
% toki pona page 3 - verbs and objects
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| ala | no, not, zero | Georgian "ara" (no) |
| ale/ali | all, everything, universe | Dutch "alle" (all) |
| utala | fight, battle, challenge | Serbo-Croatian "udarati" (hit)|
| wawa | strong, powerful | Finnish "vahva" (strong) |
| suwi | sweet, cute, adorable | Tok Pisin "suwi" (sweet) |
| jan | person, people, humanity | Cantonese "jan" (person) |
| mama | parent, ancestor, creator, origin| Georgian "mama" (father) |
| meli | woman, female, feminine, wife | Tok Pisin "meri" (woman, wife)|
| mije | man, male, masculine | Finnish "mies" (man, husband) |
| moku | food, to eat | Japanese "mogumogu" (munching)|
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| e | (specifies an object) | unknown origin |
| ijo | thing, object | Esperanto "io" (something) |
| ilo | tool, machine, device | Esperanto "ilo" (tool) |
| lipu | book, document, paper | Finnish "lippu" (flag, banner) |
| lukin | eye, to look, to see, to seek to | Tok Pisin "lukim" (see, look at) |
| olin | love, compassion, affection | Serbo-Croatian "volim" (I love) |
| pali | to do, to work, to make, labor | Esperanto "fari" (do, make) |
| pana | to give, to send, to emit | Finnish "panna" (put, set, place) |
| telo | water, fluid, to water, to clean | Acadian French "de l'eau" (water) |
| tomo | home, room, structure | Esperanto "domo" (house) |
To define subjects and adjectives more clearly, you can add extra words as
adjectives. In toki pona, an adjective that modifies a noun stands after the
noun in question. This is unlike English, where adjectives go before nouns. So,
for example:
To add a verb to the sentence, use the following structure:
> jan wawa - strong person
> [noun] li [verb]
Many of the nouns covered before can also function as adjectives. For example,
the pronouns "mi", "sina" and "ona" can serve as possessives.
For example,
> mama mi - my parent
> mije li pali. - A man is working. / A man works.
Of note is the phrase "jan pona", which literally means "good person", but is
widely (and officially) accepted to also mean "friend".
Both the noun and the verb can have adjectives added after it.
Here are some example sentences that demonstrate this:
> jan wawa li pali pona. - A strong person is working well.
> mama mi li pona. - My parents are good.
> %info%
> Verbs don't have any tense information in them. A way to specify time will be
explained in a later page.
> kili suwi li moku pona. - Sweet fruits are good food.
To add an object -- the thing that the verb applies to -- use the particle "e"
for a following structure:
> jan utala li wawa. - The warrior ("fighting person") is strong.
> [subject] li [verb] e [object]
> jan lili mi li suwi. - My children ("young people") are cute.
> jan wawa li pali e tomo. - A strong person is (building/working on) a house.
> soweli lili li wawa ala. - Little animals are not strong.
Objects can also have adjectives added to them.
> jan pali li pana e moku pona. - A worker gives out good food.
Here are some sentences:
> jan pona mi li pona e ilo lukin. - My friend is (improving/fixing) a looking
> instrument (glasses, binoculars, microscope, etc.).
> mi telo e moku. - I clean the food.
> mi olin e meli mi. - I love my wife.
> %warning%
> It is worth noting that the particle "li" is only removed if the subject is
> just the word "mi" or "sina". If it has any adjectives added to it, then the
> particle is used.
>
> Since the word "lukin" itself describes the act of seeing someone, rather than
> their appearance, complimenting someone on the latter would usually be expressed
> as:
>
> > sina pona lukin. - You look good (are "good visually").
>
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* meli mi li pona.
* mije sina li suli.
* mama mije mi li wawa.
* soweli ale li pona.
* kili li moku suli.
* jan lili li pana e telo lukin.
* ona li lukin e lipu.
* soweli ike li utala e meli.
* jan utala li moku e kili suli.
* soweli lili li moku e telo.
* mi telo e ijo suli.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* My wife is adorable.
* All warriors are bad.
* My friends are your friends.
* Your son is strong.
* The small fruit is sweet.
* She loves every person.
* The bathroom (house of water) is good.
* I hand out documents.
* An evil warrior is looking at your house.
* My instrument is working well.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * My wife is good.
> * Your husband is (big/important).
> * My dad is strong.
> * All animals are good.
> * Fruits are important food.
> * A child is crying (emitting eye water).
> * (He/she/they) look at a document.
> * The bad animal is attacking a woman.
> * The warrior is eating a big (fruit/vegetable/mushroom).
> * Little animals are drinking water.
> * I am (watering/cleaning) something big.
> %spoiler%
> * meli mi li suwi.
> * jan utala ale li ike.
> * jan pona mi li jan pona sina.
> * jan lili mije sina li wawa.
> * kili lili li suwi.
> * ona li olin e jan ale.
> * tomo telo li pona.
> * mi pana e lipu.
> * jan utala ike li lukin e tomo sina.
> * ilo mi li pali pona.
[Next page](4.html) [Previous page](2.html)

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% toki pona page 4 - verbs and objects
% toki pona page 4 - oh no! more vocabulary
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| e | (specifies an object) | unknown origin |
| ijo | thing, object | Esperanto "io" (something) |
| ilo | tool, machine, device | Esperanto "ilo" (tool) |
| lipu | book, document, paper | Finnish "lippu" (flag, banner) |
| lukin | eye, to look, to see, to seek to | Tok Pisin "lukim" (see, look at) |
| olin | love, compassion, affection | Serbo-Croatian "volim" (I love) |
| pali | to do, to work, to make, labor | Esperanto "fari" (do, make) |
| pana | to give, to send, to emit | Finnish "panna" (put, set, place) |
| telo | water, fluid, to water, to clean | Acadian French "de l'eau" (water) |
| tomo | home, room, structure | Esperanto "domo" (house) |
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| jo | to have/carry/contain/hold | Mandarin "yǒu" (have) |
| kala | fish, marine animal, sea creature| Finnish "kala" (fish) |
| kasi | plant, grass, herb, leaf | Finnish "kasvi" (plant) |
| pipi | insect, bug | Acadian French "bibitte" (bug) |
| sitelen | symbol, image, writing, to draw | Dutch "schilderen" (paint) |
| toki | speech, to talk, language | Tok Pisin "tok" (talk) |
| waso | bird, flying creature | French "oiseau" (bird) |
| ma | earth, land, outdoors, territory | Finnish "maa" (earth/land) |
| kiwen | hard object, metal, stone, solid | Finnish "kiven" (of a stone) |
| ko | powder, clay, semi-solid | Cantonese "gou" (cream/paste) |
To add a verb to the sentence, use the following structure:
This page will only cover the ten new words and a few small concepts.
> [noun] li [verb]
> jan pali li telo e kasi. - The worker is watering the plants.
For example,
> jan wawa li jo e kiwen suli. - The strong person is carrying big rocks.
> mije li pali. - A man is working. / A man works.
> telo suli li jo e kala. - The sea/ocean (big water) has fish.
Both the noun and the verb can have adjectives added after it.
> mi sitelen e toki sina. - I'm writing down your speech.
> jan wawa li pali pona. - A strong person is working well.
> waso lili li moku e pipi. - The small bird eats bugs.
> ma tomo mi li suli. - My city ("housed land") is big.
And here's some sentences that use interesting phrases.
> jan pali li toki utala e tomo mi. - The worker criticizes ("talks in a
> fighting way about") my house.
> ona li toki ike e jan pona mi. - They (insult / speak bad things about) my
> friend(s).
You can put several verbs and several objects into one sentence by adding extra
particles "li" or "e" followed by their verbs or objects.
> meli li toki e soweli, e waso. - A woman is talking about land animals and
> birds.
> jan pali li pona e ilo, li lukin e lipu. - A worker fixes the device and looks
> at (reads) a document.
## Dialectal differences
> %info%
> Verbs don't have any tense information in them. A way to specify time will be
explained in a later page.
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
To add an object -- the thing that the verb applies to -- use the particle "e"
for a following structure:
If the subject is "mi" or "sina" (and therefore it doesn't have a particle
"li"), you can do one of two things to add an extra verb.
> [subject] li [verb] e [object]
* The official book ("pu") suggests that you simply duplicate the sentence:
> jan wawa li pali e tomo. - A strong person is (building/working on) a house.
> mi pali. mi moku. - I work and eat.
Objects can also have adjectives added to them.
* The "o kama sona e toki pona!" course instead suggests you add a second "li":
> jan pali li pana e moku pona. - A worker gives out good food.
Here are some sentences:
> jan pona mi li pona e ilo lukin. - My friend is (improving/fixing) a looking
> instrument (glasses, binoculars, microscope, etc.).
> mi telo e moku. - I clean the food.
> mi olin e meli mi. - I love my wife.
> %warning%
>
> Since the word "lukin" itself describes the act of seeing someone, rather than
> their appearance, complimenting someone on the latter would usually be expressed
> as:
>
> > sina pona lukin. - You look good (are "good visually").
>
> mi pali, li moku. - I work and eat.
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* jan lili li pana e telo lukin.
* ona li lukin e lipu.
* soweli ike li utala e meli.
* jan utala li moku e kili suli.
* soweli lili li moku e telo.
* mi telo e ijo suli.
* mi moku ala e soweli.
* jan pona sina li toki e ma, e telo.
* jan suli li lukin a ma tomo, li sitelen e ijo.
* ma li jo e kasi ike.
* pipi lili li suli, li pona.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* She loves every person.
* The bathroom (house of water) is good.
* I hand out documents.
* An evil warrior is looking at your house.
* My instrument is working well.
* Your city doesn't have any workers.
* My husband doesn't work, (only) eats and fights.
* My homeland ("original land") is large.
* Your painting looks good.
* My friend has fish and fruit and makes good food.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * A child is crying (emitting eye water).
> * (He/she/they) look at a document.
> * The bad animal is attacking a woman.
> * The warrior is eating a big (fruit/vegetable/mushroom).
> * Little animals are drinking water.
> * I am (watering/cleaning) something big.
> * I don't eat animals (i.e. meat).
> * Your friend is talking about the land and the water.
> * An important person is looking at the city and writing things down.
> * The land has weeds ("bad plants").
> * Small bugs are important and good.
> %spoiler%
> * ona li olin e jan ale.
> * tomo telo li pona.
> * mi pana e lipu.
> * jan utala ike li lukin e tomo sina.
> * ilo mi li pali pona.
> * ma tomo sina li jo ala e jan pali.
> * mije ma li pali ala, li moku, li utala.
> * ma mama mi li suli.
> * sitelen sina li pona lukin.
> * jan pona mi li jo e kala e kili li pali e moku pona.
[Next page](5.html) [Previous page](3.html)

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% toki pona page 5 - oh no! more vocabulary
% toki pona page 5 - this and that
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| jo | to have/carry/contain/hold | Mandarin "yǒu" (have) |
| kala | fish, marine animal, sea creature| Finnish "kala" (fish) |
| kasi | plant, grass, herb, leaf | Finnish "kasvi" (plant) |
| pipi | insect, bug | Acadian French "bibitte" (bug) |
| sitelen | symbol, image, writing, to draw | Dutch "schilderen" (paint) |
| toki | speech, to talk, language | Tok Pisin "tok" (talk) |
| waso | bird, flying creature | French "oiseau" (bird) |
| ma | earth, land, outdoors, territory | Finnish "maa" (earth/land) |
| kiwen | hard object, metal, stone, solid | Finnish "kiven" (of a stone) |
| ko | powder, clay, semi-solid | Cantonese "gou" (cream/paste) |
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| ante | different, changed, to change | Dutch "ander" (other, different) |
| awen | keep, stay, endure, protect | Dutch "houden" (keep, care for) |
| en | and (combines subjects) | Dutch "en" (and) |
| kalama | sound, noise, to read/make sound| Serbo-Croatian "galama" (noise) |
| kulupu | group, community, society | Tongan "kulupu" (from "group") |
| lape | sleep, rest | Dutch "slapen" (sleep) |
| mute | many, more, quantity | Esperanto "multe" (a lot) |
| ni | this, that | Cantonese "ni" (this) |
| pakala | break, mistake, (generic curse) | Tok Pisin "bagarap" (accident) |
| seli | heat, warmth, chemical reaction | Georgian "cxeli" (hot) |
This page will only cover the ten new words and a few small concepts.
Before we discover a whole new type of words and new grammar, let's fill in some
blanks.
> jan pali li telo e kasi. - The worker is watering the plants.
The word "en" lets one combine several subjects in one sentence:
> jan wawa li jo e kiwen suli. - The strong person is carrying big rocks.
> mi en sina li moku. -- Me and you are eating.
> telo suli li jo e kala. - The sea/ocean (big water) has fish.
Note that it is _not_ used to combine several verbs or objects.
> mi sitelen e toki sina. - I'm writing down your speech.
The word "mute" allows to specify whether the subject (or object) is singular or
plural.
> waso lili li moku e pipi. - The small bird eats bugs.
> jan utala mute -- many warriors
> ma tomo mi li suli. - My city ("housed land") is big.
> mi mute -- we, us
And here's some sentences that use interesting phrases.
Here are some example sentences:
> jan pali li toki utala e tomo mi. - The worker criticizes ("talks in a
> fighting way about") my house.
> jan lili mute li lape. -- The children are sleeping.
> ona li toki ike e jan pona mi. - They (insult / speak bad things about) my
> friend(s).
> kulupu ni li pona mute. -- This community is very good.
You can put several verbs and several objects into one sentence by adding extra
particles "li" or "e" followed by their verbs or objects.
> kiwen suli li pakala e tomo lipu. -- A big rock damaged the library ("house of
> books").
> meli li toki e soweli, e waso. - A woman is talking about land animals and
> birds.
> mi pakala lili. -- I made a little mistake.
> jan pali li pona e ilo, li lukin e lipu. - A worker fixes the device and looks
> at (reads) a document.
> ilo sina li kalama mute ike. -- Your instrument is making lots of bad noise.
The word "ni" is also used to create more complex sentences.
> jan lili toki e ni: sina pona. -- The child said that you're good.
## Dialectal differences
@ -54,50 +56,44 @@ particles "li" or "e" followed by their verbs or objects.
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
If the subject is "mi" or "sina" (and therefore it doesn't have a particle
"li"), you can do one of two things to add an extra verb.
* The official book ("pu") suggests that you simply duplicate the sentence:
> mi pali. mi moku. - I work and eat.
* The "o kama sona e toki pona!" course instead suggests you add a second "li":
> mi pali, li moku. - I work and eat.
There doesn't seem to be an agreement whether or not "en" can be used within
phrases that use the particle "pi" (will be explained later). In addition, Sonja
Lang herself said that using "en" to combine several objects is "not completely
wrong", but rather stylistically inelegant.
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* mi moku ala e soweli.
* jan pona sina li toki e ma, e telo.
* jan suli li lukin a ma tomo, li sitelen e ijo.
* ma li jo e kasi ike.
* pipi lili li suli, li pona.
* kulupu sina li ante mute.
* jan ike li pakala e ilo mi.
* mi pali e tomo ni.
* jan utala pona mute li awen e kulupu ni.
* kulupu suli li awen, li suli e ona.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Your city doesn't have any workers.
* My husband doesn't work, (only) eats and fights.
* My homeland ("original land") is large.
* Your painting looks good.
* My friend has fish and fruit and makes good food.
* Warm food is very good.
* Sleeping children don't make noises.
* The workers said that they are strong and tough.
* You look different.
* This house preserves the heat.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * I don't eat animals (i.e. meat).
> * Your friend is talking about the land and the water.
> * An important person is looking at the city and writing things down.
> * The land has weeds ("bad plants").
> * Small bugs are important and good.
> * Your community is very different.
> * A bad person broke my tools.
> * I built this house.
> * The good warriors protect this community.
> * The large community endures and grows itself.
> %spoiler%
> * ma tomo sina li jo ala e jan pali.
> * mije ma li pali ala, li moku, li utala.
> * ma mama mi li suli.
> * sitelen sina li pona lukin.
> * jan pona mi li jo e kala e kili li pali e moku pona.
> * moku seli li pona mute.
> * jan lili lape li kalama ala.
> * jan pali mute li toki e ni: ona li wawa, li kiwen.
> * sina ante lukin.
> * tomo ni li awen e seli.
[Next page](6.html) [Previous page](4.html)

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% toki pona page 6 - this and that
% toki pona page 6 - prepositions and locations
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
The vocabulary for this page will be divided into two groups. Prepositions:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| ante | different, changed, to change | Dutch "ander" (other, different) |
| awen | keep, stay, endure, protect | Dutch "houden" (keep, care for) |
| en | and (combines subjects) | Dutch "en" (and) |
| kalama | sound, noise, to read/make sound| Serbo-Croatian "galama" (noise) |
| kulupu | group, community, society | Tongan "kulupu" (from "group") |
| lape | sleep, rest | Dutch "slapen" (sleep) |
| mute | many, more, quantity | Esperanto "multe" (a lot) |
| ni | this, that | Cantonese "ni" (this) |
| pakala | break, mistake, (generic curse) | Tok Pisin "bagarap" (accident) |
| seli | heat, warmth, chemical reaction | Georgian "cxeli" (hot) |
| kepeken | to use, using, with the help of | Dutch "gebruiken" (to use) |
| lon | in, at, on, true, present, exist| Tok Pisin "long" (at, in, on) |
| sama | same as, similar, like, sibling | Esperanto/Finnish "sama" (same) |
| tan | from, because of, cause, reason | Cantonese "tsung" (from) |
| tawa | to, for, moving, from persp. of | English "towards" |
Before we discover a whole new type of words and new grammar, let's fill in some
blanks.
And regular words (which in this case all relate to locations):
The word "en" lets one combine several subjects in one sentence:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| sewi | up, above, sky, divine, sacred | Georgian "zevit" (upwards) |
| noka | foot, leg, bottom, under | Serbo-Croatian "noga" (foot/leg) |
| poka | hip, side, next to, nearby | Serbo-Croatian "boka" (of side) |
| monsi | back, behind, rear, butt | Acadian French "mon tchu" |
| sinpin | face, foremost, front, wall | Cantonese "tsin bin" (in front) |
> mi en sina li moku. -- Me and you are eating.
Prepositions are words that are attacked to other parts of the sentence in order
to express a place or time (more on that in the future) or a specific detail
about the action.
Note that it is _not_ used to combine several verbs or objects.
In toki pona, the words "kepeken", "lon", "sama", "tan" and "tawa" can be
prepositions -- in which case they're added at the end of the sentence without
any extra particles -- or as regular words with related meanings.
The word "mute" allows to specify whether the subject (or object) is singular or
plural.
Here are some examples of all five of these words, both as prepositions and as
regular words:
> jan utala mute -- many warriors
> mi pona e tomo kepeken ilo mi. -- I am repairing the house using my tools.
> mi mute -- we, us
> mi toki kepeken toki pona. -- I speak in toki pona.
Here are some example sentences:
> sina kepeken e ilo sitelen. -- You are using a writing/drawing tool (pen,
> pencil, brush).
> jan lili mute li lape. -- The children are sleeping.
> mi lon tomo sina. -- I am in your house.
> kulupu ni li pona mute. -- This community is very good.
> jan ike li kalama mute lon tomo lipu. -- A bad person is being very noisy
> in the library.
> kiwen suli li pakala e tomo lipu. -- A big rock damaged the library ("house of
> books").
> ona toki e ijo lon. -- He/she/they speak the truth ("talk about things that
> exist").
> mi pakala lili. -- I made a little mistake.
> mi en sina li sama. -- You and I are similar.
> ilo sina li kalama mute ike. -- Your instrument is making lots of bad noise.
> meli sama mi li pona. -- My sister is good.
The word "ni" is also used to create more complex sentences.
> kiwen lili li sama lukin pipi. -- The pebble ("small rock") looks like a bug.
> jan lili toki e ni: sina pona. -- The child said that you're good.
> mi lape tan ni: mi jo ala e wawa. -- I sleep, because i don't have any energy.
> mi tawa tan tomo mi. -- I am leaving my house.
> tomo tawa mi li pona. -- My car ("moving house/structure") is good.
> mi tawa lon tomo moku. -- I am going to the restaurant ("house of food").
The word "tawa" can also express perspective.
> sina li pona tawa mi. -- I like you. ("You are good for me.")
> %warning%
> Since "tawa" can be both an adjective and a preposition, certain phrases can
> be ambiguous. For example, "tomo tawa mi" can mean both "my car" and "a house,
> from my perspective". The specific meaning will depend on context.
And here are some examples of the location words:
> waso mute li lon sewi. -- Many birds are in the sky.
> mi toki tawa jan sewi. -- I speak to a (deity/angel/someone divine/(possibly
> literally) man in the sky).
> mi tawa kepeken noka mi. -- I am moving on foot ("using my legs").
> kiwen lili li lon noka mi. -- A small rock is below me.
> mi tawa lon poka sina. -- I walk beside you.
> jan poka li ike tawa mi. -- I don't like my neighbor.
> poka mi li pakala. -- My hip/side is broken.
> ona li lon monsi sina. -- They are behind you.
> jan utala mute li lon sinpin. -- Warriors are standing in front of me.
> lipu suli li on sinpin ni. -- An important document is on this wall.
> sinpin ona li pona lukin. -- Their face looks good.
## Dialectal differences
@ -56,44 +102,47 @@ The word "ni" is also used to create more complex sentences.
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
There doesn't seem to be an agreement whether or not "en" can be used within
phrases that use the particle "pi" (will be explained later). In addition, Sonja
Lang herself said that using "en" to combine several objects is "not completely
wrong", but rather stylistically inelegant.
The official book uses "lon" with a wider meaning, also including "with". For
example, "I speak in toki pona" is translated as "mi toki lon toki pona". This
does not seem to be a common usage of the word.
Other courses also use "anpa" instead of "noka" to mean "below" (using "noka"
only to specifically mean "leg" or "foot".) The word "anpa" will be covered in
[page 7](7.html).
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* kulupu sina li ante mute.
* jan ike li pakala e ilo mi.
* mi pali e tomo ni.
* jan utala pona mute li awen e kulupu ni.
* kulupu suli li awen, li suli e ona.
* ona li toki tawa mama mije ona kepeken ilo toki.
* moku suwi li ike tawa mi.
* ma mama mi li utala e ma poka.
* meli sama sina li jan pona mi.
* pipi lili li lon sinpin sina.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Warm food is very good.
* Sleeping children don't make noises.
* The workers said that they are strong and tough.
* You look different.
* This house preserves the heat.
* You broke my car.
* The man gives out food to children.
* I dislike this chat room ("talking structure").
* I fixed the house because of you.
* They are reading books in the library.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * Your community is very different.
> * A bad person broke my tools.
> * I built this house.
> * The good warriors protect this community.
> * The large community endures and grows itself.
> * They are speaking to their father on a phone.
> * I don't like sweet food / Sweet food is bad for me.
> * My homeland is fighting (against) a neighboring country.
> * Your sister is my friend.
> * A small bug is on your face.
> %spoiler%
> * moku seli li pona mute.
> * jan lili lape li kalama ala.
> * jan pali mute li toki e ni: ona li wawa, li kiwen.
> * sina ante lukin.
> * tomo ni li awen e seli.
> * sina pakala e tomo tawa mi.
> * (jan) mije li pana e moku tawa jan lili.
> * tomo toki ni li ike tawa mi.
> * mi pona e tomo tan sina.
> * ona li lukin e lipu lon tomo lipu.
[Next page](7.html) [Previous page](5.html)

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% toki pona page 7 - prepositions and locations
% toki pona page 7 - interjections, questions, commands and names
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page will be divided into two groups. Prepositions:
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kepeken | to use, using, with the help of | Dutch "gebruiken" (to use) |
| lon | in, at, on, true, present, exist| Tok Pisin "long" (at, in, on) |
| sama | same as, similar, like, sibling | Esperanto/Finnish "sama" (same) |
| tan | from, because of, cause, reason | Cantonese "tsung" (from) |
| tawa | to, for, moving, from persp. of | English "towards" |
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| a | (emotional interjection) | n/a |
| anu | or (for yes/no questions) | Georgian "an" (or) |
| mu | (any animal sound) | "moo" onomatopoeia |
| o | (addressing people, commands) | Georgian "-o" (vocative case) |
| seme | what? (for questions) | Mandarin "shénme" (what, smth) |
And regular words (which in this case all relate to locations):
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kute | listen, hear, obey, ear | Acadian French "écouter" (listen)|
| nimi | word, name | Finnish "nimi" (name) |
| lawa | head, control, own, rule, main | Serbo-Croatian "glava" (head) |
| anpa | lowly, humble, to conquer/defeat | Acadian French "en bas" (below) |
| insa | inside, contents, center, stomach| Tok Pisin "insait" (inside) |
| word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| sewi | up, above, sky, divine, sacred | Georgian "zevit" (upwards) |
| noka | foot, leg, bottom, under | Serbo-Croatian "noga" (foot/leg) |
| poka | hip, side, next to, nearby | Serbo-Croatian "boka" (of side) |
| monsi | back, behind, rear, butt | Acadian French "mon tchu" |
| sinpin | face, foremost, front, wall | Cantonese "tsin bin" (in front) |
## Interjections and commands
Prepositions are words that are attacked to other parts of the sentence in order
to express a place or time (more on that in the future) or a specific detail
about the action.
The word "a" functions like a emotional interjection. It is usually either added
at the end of a sentence or functions as a sentence on its own.
In toki pona, the words "kepeken", "lon", "sama", "tan" and "tawa" can be
prepositions -- in which case they're added at the end of the sentence without
any extra particles -- or as regular words with related meanings.
> sina suwi a! -- You are so cute!
Here are some examples of all five of these words, both as prepositions and as
regular words:
More specifically, laughter is indicated with the sentence "a a a!" (ha ha ha!).
> mi pona e tomo kepeken ilo mi. -- I am repairing the house using my tools.
The word "mu" substitutes for any sound made by any animal.
> mi toki kepeken toki pona. -- I speak in toki pona.
The word "o" is used to address people and issue commands.
> sina kepeken e ilo sitelen. -- You are using a writing/drawing tool (pen,
> pencil, brush).
When used on its own at the beginning of a sentence, it turns the rest of the
message into a command.
> mi lon tomo sina. -- I am in your house.
> o kute e mi! -- Listen to me!
> jan ike li kalama mute lon tomo lipu. -- A bad person is being very noisy
> in the library.
When used after a noun phrase, it addresses a person.
> ona toki e ijo lon. -- He/she/they speak the truth ("talk about things that
> exist").
> sina o! -- Hey, you!
> mi en sina li sama. -- You and I are similar.
Both uses can be combined.
> meli sama mi li pona. -- My sister is good.
> jan pali o, kepeken e ilo awen! -- Worker, use protective equipment!
> kiwen lili li sama lukin pipi. -- The pebble ("small rock") looks like a bug.
## Questions
> mi lape tan ni: mi jo ala e wawa. -- I sleep, because i don't have any energy.
There are two ways to ask questions in toki pona.
> mi tawa tan tomo mi. -- I am leaving my house.
If you want to ask a yes-or-no question, you phrase the sentence normally, but
replace the word being questioned with a "[word] ala [word]" structure.
> tomo tawa mi li pona. -- My car ("moving house/structure") is good.
> sina pona ala pona? -- Are you okay?
> mi tawa lon tomo moku. -- I am going to the restaurant ("house of food").
There are no words for "yes" and "no", so to answer positively, you repeat the
verb, and to answer negatively, you add "ala".
The word "tawa" can also express perspective.
> pona. -- Yes.
> sina li pona tawa mi. -- I like you. ("You are good for me.")
> pona ala. -- No.
> %warning%
> Since "tawa" can be both an adjective and a preposition, certain phrases can
> be ambiguous. For example, "tomo tawa mi" can mean both "my car" and "a house,
> from my perspective". The specific meaning will depend on context.
(From what I understand, this structure is similar to what is used in Mandarin.)
And here are some examples of the location words:
> ona li pali ala pali? -- Are they working?
> waso mute li lon sewi. -- Many birds are in the sky.
> jan lili li moku ala moku? -- Are the children eating?
> mi toki tawa jan sewi. -- I speak to a (deity/angel/someone divine/(possibly
> literally) man in the sky).
Alternatively, you can add "anu seme" ("or what?") instead.
> mi tawa kepeken noka mi. -- I am moving on foot ("using my legs").
> sina pona anu seme? -- Are you okay?
> kiwen lili li lon noka mi. -- A small rock is below me.
For freeform questions, you start with a regular sentence, but replace the word
you're interested in with "seme".
> mi tawa lon poka sina. -- I walk beside you.
> sina pali e seme? -- What are you (doing/working on)?
> jan poka li ike tawa mi. -- I don't like my neighbor.
## Names (unofficial words)
> poka mi li pakala. -- My hip/side is broken.
So far, these pages only relied on native toki pona words to refer to things and
people. But this is clearly not enough when you need to call someone by their
name. For proper names, toki pona uses so-called "unofficial words". These are
usually names of people, cities, countries, etc., taken from their native
languages and adapted to toki pona's pronunciation rules. Unlike all toki pona
words, they're spelled with the first letter capitalized.
> ona li lon monsi sina. -- They are behind you.
Unofficial words are always treated as adjectives, which means that before them
is always a noun or a noun phrase describing what is being referred to.
> jan utala mute li lon sinpin. -- Warriors are standing in front of me.
> jan Mimi -- (the person) Mimi
> lipu suli li on sinpin ni. -- An important document is on this wall.
> ma Kanata -- (the country) Canada
> sinpin ona li pona lukin. -- Their face looks good.
> ma tomo Napoli -- (the city) Naples
## Dialectal differences
Alternatively, the unofficial words can actually be used as adjectives:
> jan Kanata -- a Canadian person
Thanks to different people interpreting both the native names and toki pona's
sounds in different ways, there may ultimately be several different unofficial
names for the same city or country's name.
Also, people speaking toki pona are free to pick their own personal toki pona
names, either by adapting the name from their native language or coming up with
something new.
> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
> The [page 7a](7a.html) contains some more information about how
> unofficial words are created.
The official book uses "lon" with a wider meaning, also including "with". For
example, "I speak in toki pona" is translated as "mi toki lon toki pona". This
does not seem to be a common usage of the word.
## Examples
Other courses also use "anpa" instead of "noka" to mean "below" (using "noka"
only to specifically mean "leg" or "foot".) The word "anpa" will be covered in
[page 8](8.html).
> o toki ala a! -- Shut up!
> sina pali ala pali e ni? -- Did you do this?
> mi jan San. mi lon ma Mewika. -- I am John. I live in the United States.
> nimi sina li seme? -- What is your name?
> jan lawa mi li ike mute. -- (My boss / our leader) is very bad.
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* ona li toki tawa mama mije ona kepeken ilo toki.
* moku suwi li ike tawa mi.
* ma mama mi li utala e ma poka.
* meli sama sina li jan pona mi.
* pipi lili li lon sinpin sina.
* o moku ala e kili ni a!
* kulupu Kensa li anpa e kulupu ale ante.
* o toki insa ala e ni: jan pali li anpa tawa jan lawa.
* sina pali e ni tan seme?
* insa mi li pakala. o pona e mi a!
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* You broke my car.
* The man gives out food to children.
* I dislike this chat room ("talking structure").
* I fixed the house because of you.
* They are reading books in the library.
* I don't think gods exist.
* Don't make noise in the library.
* My boss tells me not to sleep in the office.
* Your brother looks just like you.
* Don't go outside.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * They are speaking to their father on a phone.
> * I don't like sweet food / Sweet food is bad for me.
> * My homeland is fighting (against) a neighboring country.
> * Your sister is my friend.
> * A small bug is on your face.
> * Don't eat this fruit/vegetable/mushroom!
> * The Kansas team defeated all other teams.
> * Don't think that workers are lowly before the leaders.
> * Why did you do this?
> * My (stomach / internal organs) are hurt. Help me!
> %spoiler%
> * sina pakala e tomo tawa mi.
> * (jan) mije li pana e moku tawa jan lili.
> * tomo toki ni li ike tawa mi.
> * mi pona e tomo tan sina.
> * ona li lukin e lipu lon tomo lipu.
> * mi toki insa e ni: jan sewi li lon ala.
> * o kalama ala lon tomo lipu.
> * jan lawa mi li toki e ni: o lape ala lon tomo pali.
> * jan sama mije sina li lukin sama mute sina.
> * o tawa ala lon ma.
[Next page](8.html) [Previous page](6.html)

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% page 8a - creating toki pona unofficial words
% page 7a - creating toki pona unofficial words
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ toki pona!" course features [this
list of rules](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/tpize.php), and the official book
has its own.
[Back to page 8](8.html)
[Back to page 7](7.html)

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% toki pona page 8 - interjections, questions, commands and names
% toki pona page 8 - colorful language
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
@ -6,155 +6,96 @@ The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| a | (emotional interjection) | n/a |
| anu | or (for yes/no questions) | Georgian "an" (or) |
| mu | (any animal sound) | "moo" onomatopoeia |
| o | (addressing people, commands) | Georgian "-o" (vocative case) |
| seme | what? (for questions) | Mandarin "shénme" (what, smth) |
| kule | color, colorful | French "couleur" (color) |
| jelo | yellow (and its shades) | English "yellow" |
| laso | blue, green (and its shades) | Welsh "glas" (blue) |
| loje | red (and its shades) | Dutch "rooie" (red) |
| pimeja| black, dark | Finnish "pimeä" (dark) |
| walo | white, bright | Finnish "valko-" (white) |
| nasa | unusual, strange, crazy, drunk | Tok Pisin "nasau" (stupid) |
| jaki | dirty, disgusting, toxic | English "yucky" |
| moli | death, dying | Acadian French "mourir" (die) |
| unpa | sexual (or marital) relations | onomatopoeia |
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kute | listen, hear, obey, ear | Acadian French "écouter" (listen)|
| nimi | word, name | Finnish "nimi" (name) |
| lawa | head, control, own, rule, main | Serbo-Croatian "glava" (head) |
| anpa | lowly, humble, to conquer/defeat | Acadian French "en bas" (below) |
| insa | inside, contents, center, stomach| Tok Pisin "insait" (inside) |
## Colors
## Interjections and commands
In toki pona, there are five basic color terms: "loje" (red), "jelo" (yellow),
"laso" (blue and green), "pimeja" (black) and "walo" (white).
The word "a" functions like a emotional interjection. It is usually either added
at the end of a sentence or functions as a sentence on its own.
These terms can be combined with each other, or words referring to natural
things, to form other shades:
> sina suwi a! -- You are so cute!
> laso sewi -- blue ("sky green/blue")
More specifically, laughter is indicated with the sentence "a a a!" (ha ha ha!).
> laso kasi -- green ("plant green/blue")
The word "mu" substitutes for any sound made by any animal.
> loje jelo -- orange ("yellowish red")
The word "o" is used to address people and issue commands.
> jelo pimeja -- brown ("dark yellow")
When used on its own at the beginning of a sentence, it turns the rest of the
message into a command.
> walo pimeja -- gray ("dark white")
> o kute e mi! -- Listen to me!
## Example sentences
When used after a noun phrase, it addresses a person.
> jan lili li pana e ko jaki tan monsi ona. -- The kid pooped himself.
> sina o! -- Hey, you!
> jan Simu o, mije li moli. -- He's dead, Jim.
Both uses can be combined.
> tomo ni li jo e jaki mute. ni li ike tawa mi a! -- This room is covered in
> gross materials. I don't like it!
> jan pali o, kepeken e ilo awen! -- Worker, use protective equipment!
> mije mi li unpa ala e jan ante. -- My husband doesn't have sex with other
> people.
## Questions
## Comparative sentences
There are two ways to ask questions in toki pona.
While there are words in toki pona for "good" or "bad", there is no "better" or
"worse". While there are words for "lots" and "little", there's no "more" or
"less".
If you want to ask a yes-or-no question, you phrase the sentence normally, but
replace the word being questioned with a "[word] ala [word]" structure.
To make a comparative statement, you instead split it into two sentences:
> sina pona ala pona? -- Are you okay?
> mi wawa. sina wawa lili. -- I am stronger than you. (I am strong.
> You are slightly strong.)
There are no words for "yes" and "no", so to answer positively, you repeat the
verb, and to answer negatively, you add "ala".
Of course, the degree of comparison can be adjusted by changing the difference
between the adjectives.
> pona. -- Yes.
> pona ala. -- No.
(From what I understand, this structure is similar to what is used in Mandarin.)
> ona li pali ala pali? -- Are they working?
> jan lili li moku ala moku? -- Are the children eating?
Alternatively, you can add "anu seme" ("or what?") instead.
> sina pona anu seme? -- Are you okay?
For freeform questions, you start with a regular sentence, but replace the word
you're interested in with "seme".
> sina pali e seme? -- What are you (doing/working on)?
## Names (unofficial words)
So far, these pages only relied on native toki pona words to refer to things and
people. But this is clearly not enough when you need to call someone by their
name. For proper names, toki pona uses so-called "unofficial words". These are
usually names of people, cities, countries, etc., taken from their native
languages and adapted to toki pona's pronunciation rules. Unlike all toki pona
words, they're spelled with the first letter capitalized.
Unofficial words are always treated as adjectives, which means that before them
is always a noun or a noun phrase describing what is being referred to.
> jan Mimi -- (the person) Mimi
> ma Kanata -- (the country) Canada
> ma tomo Napoli -- (the city) Naples
Alternatively, the unofficial words can actually be used as adjectives:
> jan Kanata -- a Canadian person
Thanks to different people interpreting both the native names and toki pona's
sounds in different ways, there may ultimately be several different unofficial
names for the same city or country's name.
Also, people speaking toki pona are free to pick their own personal toki pona
names, either by adapting the name from their native language or coming up with
something new.
> %info%
> The [page 8a](8a.html) contains some more information about how
> unofficial words are created.
## Examples
> o toki ala a! -- Shut up!
> sina pali ala pali e ni? -- Did you do this?
> mi jan San. mi lon ma Mewika. -- I am John. I live in the United States.
> nimi sina li seme? -- What is your name?
> jan lawa mi li ike mute. -- (My boss / our leader) is very bad.
> mi wawa mute. sina wawa ala. -- I am way stronger than you. (I am very strong.
> You are weak.)
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* o moku ala e kili ni a!
* kulupu Kensa li anpa e kulupu ale ante.
* o toki insa ala e ni: jan pali li anpa tawa jan lawa.
* sina pali e ni tan seme?
* insa mi li pakala. o pona e mi a!
* kule loje li pona tawa mi.
* o pana e telo kili loje jelo tawa mi.
* kasi kule sina li pona lukin tawa mi.
* mi moku ala e telo nasa.
* o moli ala e ona a!
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* I don't think gods exist.
* Don't make noise in the library.
* My boss tells me not to sleep in the office.
* Your brother looks just like you.
* Don't go outside.
* Your house is bigger than mine.
* I like blue sky more than gray sky.
* Ew, gross! This food is terrible!
* I'm in the red house.
* The drunk person doesn't listen to me.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * Don't eat this fruit/vegetable/mushroom!
> * The Kansas team defeated all other teams.
> * Don't think that workers are lowly before the leaders.
> * Why did you do this?
> * My (stomach / internal organs) are hurt. Help me!
> * I like the color red.
> * Give me the orange(-colored) juice.
> * I like how your flowers look.
> * I don't drink alcohol.
> * Don't kill them!
> %spoiler%
> * mi toki insa e ni: jan sewi li lon ala.
> * o kalama ala lon tomo lipu.
> * jan lawa mi li toki e ni: o lape ala lon tomo pali.
> * jan sama mije sina li lukin sama mute sina.
> * o tawa ala lon ma.
> * tomo sina li suli. tomo mi li lili.
> * sewi laso li pona mute tawa mi. sewi pimeja walo li pona lili tawa mi.
> * jaki a! moku ni li ike mute a!
> * mi lon tomo loje.
> * jan nasa li kute ala e mi.
[Next page](9.html) [Previous page](7.html)

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% toki pona page 9 - colorful language
% toki pona page 9 - complex adjectives and contexts
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
@ -6,96 +6,100 @@ The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kule | color, colorful | French "couleur" (color) |
| jelo | yellow (and its shades) | English "yellow" |
| laso | blue, green (and its shades) | Welsh "glas" (blue) |
| loje | red (and its shades) | Dutch "rooie" (red) |
| pimeja| black, dark | Finnish "pimeä" (dark) |
| walo | white, bright | Finnish "valko-" (white) |
| nasa | unusual, strange, crazy, drunk | Tok Pisin "nasau" (stupid) |
| jaki | dirty, disgusting, toxic | English "yucky" |
| moli | death, dying | Acadian French "mourir" (die) |
| unpa | sexual (or marital) relations | onomatopoeia |
| pi | "of" (groups adjectives) | Tok Pisin "bilong" (of) |
| la | "if/when" (introduces context) | Esperanto "la" (definite article)|
| luka | hand, arm | Serbo-Croatian "ruka" (arm) |
| linja | long flexible object, hair | Finnish "linja" (line) |
| palisa| long solid object, branch, stick | Serbo-Croatian "palica" (rod) |
| selo | outer form, shell, skin, boundary| Esperanto "ŝelo" (skin) |
| sijelo| body, physical state, torso | Serbo-Croatian "tijelo" (body) |
| len | cloth, clothes, layer of privacy | Acadian French "linge" (clothing)|
| lete | cold, raw | Acadian French "frette" (cold) |
| musi | entertaining, artistic, fun, game| Esperanto "amuzi" (have fun) |
## Colors
Time to introduce two another particles in this language: "pi" and "la".
In toki pona, there are five basic color terms: "loje" (red), "jelo" (yellow),
"laso" (blue and green), "pimeja" (black) and "walo" (white).
## pi
These terms can be combined with each other, or words referring to natural
things, to form other shades:
The word "pi" works by grouping several adjectives together. Normally, all
adjectives in a phrase apply to the first word.
> laso sewi -- blue ("sky green/blue")
For example:
> laso kasi -- green ("plant green/blue")
> jan wawa -- strong person
> loje jelo -- orange ("yellowish red")
> jan wawa ala -- no strong people
> jelo pimeja -- brown ("dark yellow")
If you need to say "weak people", you need to negate "wawa", but not "jan".
That's where "pi" comes in handy:
> walo pimeja -- gray ("dark white")
> jan pi wawa ala -- weak person/people ("of no strength")
## Example sentences
It is also useful for phrases that use unofficial words.
> jan lili li pana e ko jaki tan monsi ona. -- The kid pooped himself.
> ma tomo Wasintan li ma tomo lawa pi ma Mewika. -- (the city of) Washington is
> the capital ("main city") of the United States.
> jan Simu o, mije li moli. -- He's dead, Jim.
## la
> tomo ni li jo e jaki mute. ni li ike tawa mi a! -- This room is covered in
> gross materials. I don't like it!
The word "la" allows to combine two sentences to form conditions and introduce
context.
> mije mi li unpa ala e jan ante. -- My husband doesn't have sex with other
> people.
> [sentence A] la [sentence B].
## Comparative sentences
This translates to something like:
While there are words in toki pona for "good" or "bad", there is no "better" or
"worse". While there are words for "lots" and "little", there's no "more" or
"less".
> If [sentence A], then [sentence B].
To make a comparative statement, you instead split it into two sentences:
## Dialectal differences
> mi wawa. sina wawa lili. -- I am stronger than you. (I am strong.
> You are slightly strong.)
> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
Of course, the degree of comparison can be adjusted by changing the difference
between the adjectives.
The official book, the "o kama sona e toki pona!" course and my personal style
differ on how to place punctuation in sentences that use "la".
> mi wawa mute. sina wawa ala. -- I am way stronger than you. (I am very strong.
> You are weak.)
The official book sometimes uses a comma before "la" and sometimes uses no
punctuation.
The online course doesn't use any punctuation.
I personally prefer using the comma after "la".
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* kule loje li pona tawa mi.
* o pana e telo kili loje jelo tawa mi.
* kasi kule sina li pona lukin tawa mi.
* mi moku ala e telo nasa.
* o moli ala e ona a!
*
*
*
*
*
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Your house is bigger than mine.
* I like blue sky more than gray sky.
* Ew, gross! This food is terrible!
* I'm in the red house.
* The drunk person doesn't listen to me.
*
*
*
*
*
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * I like the color red.
> * Give me the orange(-colored) juice.
> * I like how your flowers look.
> * I don't drink alcohol.
> * Don't kill them!
> *
> *
> *
> *
> *
> %spoiler%
> * tomo sina li suli. tomo mi li lili.
> * sewi laso li pona mute tawa mi. sewi pimeja walo li pona lili tawa mi.
> * jaki a! moku ni li ike mute a!
> * mi lon tomo loje.
> * jan nasa li kute ala e mi.
> *
> *
> *
> *
> *
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% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
This is a series of pages devoted to the language "toki pona", a simple-to-learn
language that only uses 120 words.
This is the a series of pages comprising an attempt at an educational course
about *toki pona*, a constructed language originally designed in 2001 and
then gradually revised over the years by Sonja Lang.
* [page 0 - introduction](0.html)
* [page 1 - spelling and pronunciation](1.html)
* [page 2 - basic sentences](2.html)
* [page 3 - adjectives](3.html)
* [page 4 - verbs and objects](4.html)
* [page 5 - oh no! more vocabulary](5.html)
* [page 6 - this and that](6.html)
* [page 7 - prepositions and locations](7.html)
* [page 8 - interjections, questions, commands and names](8.html)
* * [page 8a - more about making unofficial words](8a.html)
* [page 9 - (WIP) colorful language](9.html)
* [page 10 - (WIP) complex adjectives and contexts](10.html)
* [page 11 - (TODO) pre-verbs and time](11.html)
* [page 12 - (TODO) numbers](12.html)
* [page 13 - (TODO) the final countdown](13.html)
The language is designed around the ideas of minimalist design and simplifying
one's thoughts, with complicated ideas being broken into their basic components.
As a result, the language is considered to be incredibly easy to learn, with
some people claiming to be able to read it after only days and achieving fluency
within a week or two.
With an official vocabulary of around 120 words (plus some new additional
words created in the community), a simple grammar and an easy-to-learn phonology,
learning toki pona is, in fact, a relatively simple challenge, even compared to
other simplified constructed languages, such as Esperanto.
However, with that simplicity also come limitations. Many words have multiple
meanings, and a lot of phrases or sentences are ambiguous without context.
Expressing many concepts and ideas in toki pona will require one to come up with
their own phrases or rephrase them completely (which, as mentioned before, is
part of the language's idea).
The language is also designed to be easy to use regardless of one's native
language. The sounds and syllable structure used in toki pona are distinct from
one another and common across many languages, whereas the vocabulary features
words borrowed from many languages across the world.
# About this course
There are several good sources to educate yourself about toki pona available
already. The most important (and best, in my opinion), is the [official toki
pona book](https://tokipona.org/) (also known as "pu") published in 2014 by
Sonja Lang herself. It is not free, but it's a well-written book with lots of
additional texts to read and it explains the language very well.
Another useful resource is the online course ["o kama sona e toki
pona!"](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona.php) (learn
toki pona!) by Bryant Knight (aka "jan Pije"). It has some differences in how it
uses certain words, and the past versions of the course have attracted some
controversy, but it's also a well-made course.
My goal here is to try and present a version that tries to account for the
different ways people speak and write toki pona and the way it is being used
now. My personal style is mostly based on "pu", but with slight adjustments, but
other styles will be covered as well.
The page numbered zero will provide basic info on the language's spelling and
pronunciation, and each page past that will introduce 10 new words.
## Table of Contents
* [page 0 - spelling and pronunciation](0.html)
* [page 1 - basic sentences](1.html)
* [page 2 - adjectives](2.html)
* [page 3 - verbs and objects](3.html)
* [page 4 - oh no! more vocabulary](4.html)
* [page 5 - this and that](5.html)
* [page 6 - prepositions and locations](6.html)
* [page 7 - interjections, questions, commands and names](7.html)
* * [page 7a - more about making unofficial words](7a.html)
* [page 8 - (WIP) colorful language](8.html)
* [page 9 - (WIP) complex adjectives and contexts](9.html)
* [page 10 - (TODO) pre-verbs and time](10.html)
* [page 11 - (TODO) numbers](11.html)
* [page 12 - (TODO) the final countdown](12.html)
* [page x1 - (TODO) community additions](x1.html)