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% toki pona page 0 - introduction % toki pona page 0 - spelling and pronunciation
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
# About toki pona The language *toki pona* only uses 14 letters of the Latin alphabet, and all of
these letters have consistent pronunciations.
This is the first (or 0th, in this case) in a series of pages about the *toki These are: a,e,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,s,t,u,w.
pona*, a constructed language originally designed in 2001 and then gradually
revised over the years by Sonja Lang.
The language is designed around the ideas of minimalist design and simplifying You might have noticed that all these letters are lowercase. This is because all
one's thoughts, with complicated ideas being broken into their basic components. toki pona words are spelled in lowercase, even at the start of sentences.
As a result, the language is considered to be incredibly easy to learn, with
some people claiming to be able to read it after only days and achieving fluency
within a week or two.
With an official vocabulary of around 120 words (plus some new additional The consonants use the same sounds as those in English, with the exception of
words created in the community), a simple grammar and an easy-to-learn phonology, "j", which instead sounds like the English "y".
learning toki pona is, in fact, a relatively simple challenge, even compared to
other simplified constructed languages, such as Esperanto.
However, with that simplicity also come limitations. Many words have multiple The vowels are a bit more complicated (or more simple, depending on your view).
meanings, and a lot of phrases or sentences are ambiguous without context. Unlike English, every vowel uses the same sound in all words. If you know how
Expressing many concepts and ideas in toki pona will require one to come up with to pronounce the vowel sounds in Spanish, Japanese or Esperanto, then you can
their own phrases or rephrase them completely (which, as mentioned before, is pronounce them the same way in toki pona.
part of the language's idea).
The language is also designed to be easy to use regardless of one's native For examples of English words with corresponding pronunciations:
language. The sounds and syllable structure used in toki pona are distinct from
one another and common across many languages, whereas the vocabulary features
words borrowed from many languages across the world.
# About this course * **a** sounds like the "u" in the word "up" or (in some variants of English)
the "a" in "bath".
There are several good sources to educate yourself about toki pona available * **e** sounds like the "e" in the word "bet".
already. The most important (and best, in my opinion), is the [official toki
pona book](https://tokipona.org/) (also known as "pu") published in 2014 by
Sonja Lang herself. It is not free, but it's a well-written book with lots of
additional texts to read and it explains the language very well.
Another useful resource is the online course ["o kama sona e toki * **i** sounds like the "i" in the word "win".
pona!"](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona.php) (learn
toki pona!) by Bryant Knight (aka "jan Pije"). It has some differences in how it
uses certain words, and the past versions of the course have attracted some
controversy, but it's also a well-made course.
My goal here is to try and present a version that tries to account for the * **o** sounds like the "o" in the word "long".
different ways people speak and write toki pona and the way it is being used
now. My personal style is mostly based on "pu", but with slight adjustments, but * **u** sounds like the "oo" in "oops" or "moon".
other styles will be covered as well.
Since there are so few sounds, different speakers may pronounce it with some
differences. For example, some might substitute the sounds "p,t,k" with "b,d,g".
All toki pona words are pronounced with stress on their first syllable.
## Exercises
Here are some toki pona words that are derived from, or sound similar to, other
English words:
| toki pona | sounds similar to |
|-----------|-------------------|
| jaki | yucky |
| jelo | yellow |
| ken | can |
| mani | money |
| mi | me |
| mun | moon |
| tu | two |
| wan | one |
[Next page](1.html) [Next page](1.html)

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% toki pona page 1 - spelling and pronunciation % toki pona page 1 - basic sentences
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% march 2020 % march 2020
The language *toki pona* only uses 14 letters of the Latin alphabet, and all of The vocabulary for this page:
these letters have consistent pronunciations.
These are: a,e,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,s,t,u,w. | word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|---------------------------------|------------------------------|
| mi | i, me, us | Esperanto "mi" (I, me) |
| sina | you | Finnish "sinä" (you) |
| ona | he, she, they, it | Serbo-Croatian "ona" (she) |
| li | (between subj. and verb/adj.) | Esperanto "li" (he) |
| pona | good, simple, to improve, to fix| Esperanto "bona" (good) |
| ike | bad, evil, complex, unnecessary | Finnish "ilkeä" (bad) |
| suli | big, great, important, to grow | Finnish "suuri" (big, great) |
| lili | small, few, young, to shrink | Tok Pisin "liklik" (small) |
| kili | fruit, vegetable, mushroom | Georgian "xili" (fruit) |
| soweli| land mammal, animal | Georgian "cxoveli" (beastly animal)|
You might have noticed that all these letters are lowercase. This is because all Let's start with the most basic sentence structure in toki pona:
toki pona words are spelled in lowercase, even at the start of sentences.
The consonants use the same sounds as those in English, with the exception of > [noun] li [noun / adjective].
"j", which instead sounds like the English "y".
The vowels are a bit more complicated (or more simple, depending on your view). In English, this would mean:
Unlike English, every vowel uses the same sound in all words. If you know how
to pronounce the vowel sounds in Spanish, Japanese or Esperanto, then you can
pronounce them the same way in toki pona.
For examples of English words with corresponding pronunciations: > [Noun] is (a) [noun].
* **a** sounds like the "u" in the word "up" or (in some variants of English) or
the "a" in "bath".
* **e** sounds like the "e" in the word "bet". > [Noun] is [adjective].
* **i** sounds like the "i" in the word "win". For example:
* **o** sounds like the "o" in the word "long". > ona li suli. - (He/she/it/they) is (big/great/important).
* **u** sounds like the "oo" in "oops" or "moon". As you can see, a single word can have multiple related meanings. In practical
usage, both "ona" and "suli" will be more clear based on context.
Since there are so few sounds, different speakers may pronounce it with some > kili li pona. - (Fruit/vegetable/mushroom)(s) (is/are) good.
differences. For example, some might substitute the sounds "p,t,k" with "b,d,g".
All toki pona words are pronounced with stress on their first syllable. And in this case, it doesn't make a lot of sense to use any meaning of "pona"
other than "good".
## Exercises There is one exception to the rule. If the subject is "mi" or "sina", then it is
not necessary to add the word "li". So, instead of
Here are some toki pona words that are derived from, or sound similar to, other > sina li suli. - You are important.
English words:
| toki pona | sounds similar to | it's
|-----------|-------------------|
| jaki | yucky |
| jelo | yellow |
| ken | can |
| mani | money |
| mi | me |
| mun | moon |
| tu | two |
| wan | one |
[Previous page](0.html) [Next page](2.html) > sina suli. - You are important.
## Exercises
Now, how would you express the following ideas?
* Animals are important.
* He is little.
* I am great.
* It is a dog.
* You are bad.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * soweli li suli.
> * ona li lili.
> * mi suli.
> * ona li soweli.
> * sina ike.
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% toki pona page 10 - complex adjectives and contexts
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| pi | "of" (groups adjectives) | Tok Pisin "bilong" (of) |
| la | "if/when" (introduces context) | Esperanto "la" (definite article)|
| luka | hand, arm | Serbo-Croatian "ruka" (arm) |
| linja | long flexible object, hair | Finnish "linja" (line) |
| palisa| long solid object, branch, stick | Serbo-Croatian "palica" (rod) |
| selo | outer form, shell, skin, boundary| Esperanto "ŝelo" (skin) |
| sijelo| body, physical state, torso | Serbo-Croatian "tijelo" (body) |
| len | cloth, clothes, layer of privacy | Acadian French "linge" (clothing)|
| lete | cold, raw | Acadian French "frette" (cold) |
| musi | entertaining, artistic, fun, game| Esperanto "amuzi" (have fun) |
Time to introduce two another particles in this language: "pi" and "la".
## pi
The word "pi" works by grouping several adjectives together. Normally, all
adjectives in a phrase apply to the first word.
For example:
> jan wawa -- strong person
> jan wawa ala -- no strong people
If you need to say "weak people", you need to negate "wawa", but not "jan".
That's where "pi" comes in handy:
> jan pi wawa ala -- weak person/people ("of no strength")
It is also useful for phrases that use unofficial words.
> ma tomo Wasintan li ma tomo lawa pi ma Mewika. -- (the city of) Washington is
> the capital ("main city") of the United States.
## la
The word "la" allows to combine two sentences to form conditions and introduce
context.
> [sentence A] la [sentence B].
This translates to something like:
> If [sentence A], then [sentence B].
## Dialectal differences
> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
The official book, the "o kama sona e toki pona!" course and my personal style
differ on how to place punctuation in sentences that use "la".
The official book sometimes uses a comma before "la" and sometimes uses no
punctuation.
The online course doesn't use any punctuation.
I personally prefer using the comma after "la".
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
*
*
*
*
*
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
*
*
*
*
*
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> *
> *
> *
> *
> *
> %spoiler%
> *
> *
> *
> *
> *
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% toki pona page 2 - basic sentences % toki pona page 2 - adjectives
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
The vocabulary for this page: The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|---------------------------------|------------------------------| |---------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| mi | i, me, us | Esperanto "mi" (I, me) | | ala | no, not, zero | Georgian "ara" (no) |
| sina | you | Finnish "sinä" (you) | | ale/ali | all, everything, universe | Dutch "alle" (all) |
| ona | he, she, they, it | Serbo-Croatian "ona" (she) | | utala | fight, battle, challenge | Serbo-Croatian "udarati" (hit)|
| li | (between subj. and verb/adj.) | Esperanto "li" (he) | | wawa | strong, powerful | Finnish "vahva" (strong) |
| pona | good, simple, to improve, to fix| Esperanto "bona" (good) | | suwi | sweet, cute, adorable | Tok Pisin "suwi" (sweet) |
| ike | bad, evil, complex, unnecessary | Finnish "ilkeä" (bad) | | jan | person, people, humanity | Cantonese "jan" (person) |
| suli | big, great, important, to grow | Finnish "suuri" (big, great) | | mama | parent, ancestor, creator, origin| Georgian "mama" (father) |
| lili | small, few, young, to shrink | Tok Pisin "liklik" (small) | | meli | woman, female, feminine, wife | Tok Pisin "meri" (woman, wife)|
| kili | fruit, vegetable, mushroom | Georgian "xili" (fruit) | | mije | man, male, masculine | Finnish "mies" (man, husband) |
| soweli| land mammal, animal | Georgian "cxoveli" (beastly animal)| | moku | food, to eat | Japanese "mogumogu" (munching)|
Let's start with the most basic sentence structure in toki pona: To define subjects and adjectives more clearly, you can add extra words as
adjectives. In toki pona, an adjective that modifies a noun stands after the
noun in question. This is unlike English, where adjectives go before nouns. So,
for example:
> [noun] li [noun / adjective]. > jan wawa - strong person
In English, this would mean: Many of the nouns covered before can also function as adjectives. For example,
the pronouns "mi", "sina" and "ona" can serve as possessives.
> [Noun] is (a) [noun]. > mama mi - my parent
or Of note is the phrase "jan pona", which literally means "good person", but is
widely (and officially) accepted to also mean "friend".
> [Noun] is [adjective]. Here are some example sentences that demonstrate this:
For example: > mama mi li pona. - My parents are good.
> ona li suli. - (He/she/it/they) is (big/great/important). > kili suwi li moku pona. - Sweet fruits are good food.
As you can see, a single word can have multiple related meanings. In practical > jan utala li wawa. - The warrior ("fighting person") is strong.
usage, both "ona" and "suli" will be more clear based on context.
> kili li pona. - (Fruit/vegetable/mushroom)(s) (is/are) good. > jan lili mi li suwi. - My children ("young people") are cute.
And in this case, it doesn't make a lot of sense to use any meaning of "pona" > soweli lili li wawa ala. - Little animals are not strong.
other than "good".
There is one exception to the rule. If the subject is "mi" or "sina", then it is > %warning%
not necessary to add the word "li". So, instead of > It is worth noting that the particle "li" is only removed if the subject is
> just the word "mi" or "sina". If it has any adjectives added to it, then the
> sina li suli. - You are important. > particle is used.
it's
> sina suli. - You are important.
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, how would you express the following ideas? Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* Animals are important. * meli mi li pona.
* He is little. * mije sina li suli.
* I am great. * mama mije mi li wawa.
* It is a dog. * soweli ale li pona.
* You are bad. * kili li moku suli.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* My wife is adorable.
* All warriors are bad.
* My friends are your friends.
* Your son is strong.
* The small fruit is sweet.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * soweli li suli. > * My wife is good.
> * ona li lili. > * Your husband is (big/important).
> * mi suli. > * My dad is strong.
> * ona li soweli. > * All animals are good.
> * sina ike. > * Fruits are important food.
> %spoiler%
> * meli mi li suwi.
> * jan utala ale li ike.
> * jan pona mi li jan pona sina.
> * jan lili mije sina li wawa.
> * kili lili li suwi.
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% toki pona page 3 - adjectives % toki pona page 3 - verbs and objects
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
The vocabulary for this page: The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------| |-------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| ala | no, not, zero | Georgian "ara" (no) | | e | (specifies an object) | unknown origin |
| ale/ali | all, everything, universe | Dutch "alle" (all) | | ijo | thing, object | Esperanto "io" (something) |
| utala | fight, battle, challenge | Serbo-Croatian "udarati" (hit)| | ilo | tool, machine, device | Esperanto "ilo" (tool) |
| wawa | strong, powerful | Finnish "vahva" (strong) | | lipu | book, document, paper | Finnish "lippu" (flag, banner) |
| suwi | sweet, cute, adorable | Tok Pisin "suwi" (sweet) | | lukin | eye, to look, to see, to seek to | Tok Pisin "lukim" (see, look at) |
| jan | person, people, humanity | Cantonese "jan" (person) | | olin | love, compassion, affection | Serbo-Croatian "volim" (I love) |
| mama | parent, ancestor, creator, origin| Georgian "mama" (father) | | pali | to do, to work, to make, labor | Esperanto "fari" (do, make) |
| meli | woman, female, feminine, wife | Tok Pisin "meri" (woman, wife)| | pana | to give, to send, to emit | Finnish "panna" (put, set, place) |
| mije | man, male, masculine | Finnish "mies" (man, husband) | | telo | water, fluid, to water, to clean | Acadian French "de l'eau" (water) |
| moku | food, to eat | Japanese "mogumogu" (munching)| | tomo | home, room, structure | Esperanto "domo" (house) |
To define subjects and adjectives more clearly, you can add extra words as To add a verb to the sentence, use the following structure:
adjectives. In toki pona, an adjective that modifies a noun stands after the
noun in question. This is unlike English, where adjectives go before nouns. So,
for example:
> jan wawa - strong person > [noun] li [verb]
Many of the nouns covered before can also function as adjectives. For example, For example,
the pronouns "mi", "sina" and "ona" can serve as possessives.
> mama mi - my parent > mije li pali. - A man is working. / A man works.
Of note is the phrase "jan pona", which literally means "good person", but is Both the noun and the verb can have adjectives added after it.
widely (and officially) accepted to also mean "friend".
Here are some example sentences that demonstrate this: > jan wawa li pali pona. - A strong person is working well.
> mama mi li pona. - My parents are good. > %info%
> Verbs don't have any tense information in them. A way to specify time will be
explained in a later page.
> kili suwi li moku pona. - Sweet fruits are good food. To add an object -- the thing that the verb applies to -- use the particle "e"
for a following structure:
> jan utala li wawa. - The warrior ("fighting person") is strong. > [subject] li [verb] e [object]
> jan lili mi li suwi. - My children ("young people") are cute. > jan wawa li pali e tomo. - A strong person is (building/working on) a house.
> soweli lili li wawa ala. - Little animals are not strong. Objects can also have adjectives added to them.
> jan pali li pana e moku pona. - A worker gives out good food.
Here are some sentences:
> jan pona mi li pona e ilo lukin. - My friend is (improving/fixing) a looking
> instrument (glasses, binoculars, microscope, etc.).
> mi telo e moku. - I clean the food.
> mi olin e meli mi. - I love my wife.
> %warning% > %warning%
> It is worth noting that the particle "li" is only removed if the subject is >
> just the word "mi" or "sina". If it has any adjectives added to it, then the > Since the word "lukin" itself describes the act of seeing someone, rather than
> particle is used. > their appearance, complimenting someone on the latter would usually be expressed
> as:
>
> > sina pona lukin. - You look good (are "good visually").
>
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* meli mi li pona. * jan lili li pana e telo lukin.
* mije sina li suli. * ona li lukin e lipu.
* mama mije mi li wawa. * soweli ike li utala e meli.
* soweli ale li pona. * jan utala li moku e kili suli.
* kili li moku suli. * soweli lili li moku e telo.
* mi telo e ijo suli.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* My wife is adorable. * She loves every person.
* All warriors are bad. * The bathroom (house of water) is good.
* My friends are your friends. * I hand out documents.
* Your son is strong. * An evil warrior is looking at your house.
* The small fruit is sweet. * My instrument is working well.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * My wife is good. > * A child is crying (emitting eye water).
> * Your husband is (big/important). > * (He/she/they) look at a document.
> * My dad is strong. > * The bad animal is attacking a woman.
> * All animals are good. > * The warrior is eating a big (fruit/vegetable/mushroom).
> * Fruits are important food. > * Little animals are drinking water.
> * I am (watering/cleaning) something big.
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * meli mi li suwi. > * ona li olin e jan ale.
> * jan utala ale li ike. > * tomo telo li pona.
> * jan pona mi li jan pona sina. > * mi pana e lipu.
> * jan lili mije sina li wawa. > * jan utala ike li lukin e tomo sina.
> * kili lili li suwi. > * ilo mi li pali pona.
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% toki pona page 4 - verbs and objects % toki pona page 4 - oh no! more vocabulary
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
The vocabulary for this page: The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------------| |---------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| e | (specifies an object) | unknown origin | | jo | to have/carry/contain/hold | Mandarin "yǒu" (have) |
| ijo | thing, object | Esperanto "io" (something) | | kala | fish, marine animal, sea creature| Finnish "kala" (fish) |
| ilo | tool, machine, device | Esperanto "ilo" (tool) | | kasi | plant, grass, herb, leaf | Finnish "kasvi" (plant) |
| lipu | book, document, paper | Finnish "lippu" (flag, banner) | | pipi | insect, bug | Acadian French "bibitte" (bug) |
| lukin | eye, to look, to see, to seek to | Tok Pisin "lukim" (see, look at) | | sitelen | symbol, image, writing, to draw | Dutch "schilderen" (paint) |
| olin | love, compassion, affection | Serbo-Croatian "volim" (I love) | | toki | speech, to talk, language | Tok Pisin "tok" (talk) |
| pali | to do, to work, to make, labor | Esperanto "fari" (do, make) | | waso | bird, flying creature | French "oiseau" (bird) |
| pana | to give, to send, to emit | Finnish "panna" (put, set, place) | | ma | earth, land, outdoors, territory | Finnish "maa" (earth/land) |
| telo | water, fluid, to water, to clean | Acadian French "de l'eau" (water) | | kiwen | hard object, metal, stone, solid | Finnish "kiven" (of a stone) |
| tomo | home, room, structure | Esperanto "domo" (house) | | ko | powder, clay, semi-solid | Cantonese "gou" (cream/paste) |
To add a verb to the sentence, use the following structure: This page will only cover the ten new words and a few small concepts.
> [noun] li [verb] > jan pali li telo e kasi. - The worker is watering the plants.
For example, > jan wawa li jo e kiwen suli. - The strong person is carrying big rocks.
> mije li pali. - A man is working. / A man works. > telo suli li jo e kala. - The sea/ocean (big water) has fish.
Both the noun and the verb can have adjectives added after it. > mi sitelen e toki sina. - I'm writing down your speech.
> jan wawa li pali pona. - A strong person is working well. > waso lili li moku e pipi. - The small bird eats bugs.
> ma tomo mi li suli. - My city ("housed land") is big.
And here's some sentences that use interesting phrases.
> jan pali li toki utala e tomo mi. - The worker criticizes ("talks in a
> fighting way about") my house.
> ona li toki ike e jan pona mi. - They (insult / speak bad things about) my
> friend(s).
You can put several verbs and several objects into one sentence by adding extra
particles "li" or "e" followed by their verbs or objects.
> meli li toki e soweli, e waso. - A woman is talking about land animals and
> birds.
> jan pali li pona e ilo, li lukin e lipu. - A worker fixes the device and looks
> at (reads) a document.
## Dialectal differences
> %info% > %info%
> Verbs don't have any tense information in them. A way to specify time will be > This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
explained in a later page. > explaining certain ideas.
To add an object -- the thing that the verb applies to -- use the particle "e" If the subject is "mi" or "sina" (and therefore it doesn't have a particle
for a following structure: "li"), you can do one of two things to add an extra verb.
> [subject] li [verb] e [object] * The official book ("pu") suggests that you simply duplicate the sentence:
> jan wawa li pali e tomo. - A strong person is (building/working on) a house. > mi pali. mi moku. - I work and eat.
Objects can also have adjectives added to them. * The "o kama sona e toki pona!" course instead suggests you add a second "li":
> jan pali li pana e moku pona. - A worker gives out good food. > mi pali, li moku. - I work and eat.
Here are some sentences:
> jan pona mi li pona e ilo lukin. - My friend is (improving/fixing) a looking
> instrument (glasses, binoculars, microscope, etc.).
> mi telo e moku. - I clean the food.
> mi olin e meli mi. - I love my wife.
> %warning%
>
> Since the word "lukin" itself describes the act of seeing someone, rather than
> their appearance, complimenting someone on the latter would usually be expressed
> as:
>
> > sina pona lukin. - You look good (are "good visually").
>
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* jan lili li pana e telo lukin. * mi moku ala e soweli.
* ona li lukin e lipu. * jan pona sina li toki e ma, e telo.
* soweli ike li utala e meli. * jan suli li lukin a ma tomo, li sitelen e ijo.
* jan utala li moku e kili suli. * ma li jo e kasi ike.
* soweli lili li moku e telo. * pipi lili li suli, li pona.
* mi telo e ijo suli.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* She loves every person. * Your city doesn't have any workers.
* The bathroom (house of water) is good. * My husband doesn't work, (only) eats and fights.
* I hand out documents. * My homeland ("original land") is large.
* An evil warrior is looking at your house. * Your painting looks good.
* My instrument is working well. * My friend has fish and fruit and makes good food.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * A child is crying (emitting eye water). > * I don't eat animals (i.e. meat).
> * (He/she/they) look at a document. > * Your friend is talking about the land and the water.
> * The bad animal is attacking a woman. > * An important person is looking at the city and writing things down.
> * The warrior is eating a big (fruit/vegetable/mushroom). > * The land has weeds ("bad plants").
> * Little animals are drinking water. > * Small bugs are important and good.
> * I am (watering/cleaning) something big.
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * ona li olin e jan ale. > * ma tomo sina li jo ala e jan pali.
> * tomo telo li pona. > * mije ma li pali ala, li moku, li utala.
> * mi pana e lipu. > * ma mama mi li suli.
> * jan utala ike li lukin e tomo sina. > * sitelen sina li pona lukin.
> * ilo mi li pali pona. > * jan pona mi li jo e kala e kili li pali e moku pona.
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% toki pona page 5 - oh no! more vocabulary % toki pona page 5 - this and that
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
The vocabulary for this page: The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------| |---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| jo | to have/carry/contain/hold | Mandarin "yǒu" (have) | | ante | different, changed, to change | Dutch "ander" (other, different) |
| kala | fish, marine animal, sea creature| Finnish "kala" (fish) | | awen | keep, stay, endure, protect | Dutch "houden" (keep, care for) |
| kasi | plant, grass, herb, leaf | Finnish "kasvi" (plant) | | en | and (combines subjects) | Dutch "en" (and) |
| pipi | insect, bug | Acadian French "bibitte" (bug) | | kalama | sound, noise, to read/make sound| Serbo-Croatian "galama" (noise) |
| sitelen | symbol, image, writing, to draw | Dutch "schilderen" (paint) | | kulupu | group, community, society | Tongan "kulupu" (from "group") |
| toki | speech, to talk, language | Tok Pisin "tok" (talk) | | lape | sleep, rest | Dutch "slapen" (sleep) |
| waso | bird, flying creature | French "oiseau" (bird) | | mute | many, more, quantity | Esperanto "multe" (a lot) |
| ma | earth, land, outdoors, territory | Finnish "maa" (earth/land) | | ni | this, that | Cantonese "ni" (this) |
| kiwen | hard object, metal, stone, solid | Finnish "kiven" (of a stone) | | pakala | break, mistake, (generic curse) | Tok Pisin "bagarap" (accident) |
| ko | powder, clay, semi-solid | Cantonese "gou" (cream/paste) | | seli | heat, warmth, chemical reaction | Georgian "cxeli" (hot) |
This page will only cover the ten new words and a few small concepts. Before we discover a whole new type of words and new grammar, let's fill in some
blanks.
> jan pali li telo e kasi. - The worker is watering the plants. The word "en" lets one combine several subjects in one sentence:
> jan wawa li jo e kiwen suli. - The strong person is carrying big rocks. > mi en sina li moku. -- Me and you are eating.
> telo suli li jo e kala. - The sea/ocean (big water) has fish. Note that it is _not_ used to combine several verbs or objects.
> mi sitelen e toki sina. - I'm writing down your speech. The word "mute" allows to specify whether the subject (or object) is singular or
plural.
> waso lili li moku e pipi. - The small bird eats bugs. > jan utala mute -- many warriors
> ma tomo mi li suli. - My city ("housed land") is big. > mi mute -- we, us
And here's some sentences that use interesting phrases. Here are some example sentences:
> jan pali li toki utala e tomo mi. - The worker criticizes ("talks in a > jan lili mute li lape. -- The children are sleeping.
> fighting way about") my house.
> ona li toki ike e jan pona mi. - They (insult / speak bad things about) my > kulupu ni li pona mute. -- This community is very good.
> friend(s).
You can put several verbs and several objects into one sentence by adding extra > kiwen suli li pakala e tomo lipu. -- A big rock damaged the library ("house of
particles "li" or "e" followed by their verbs or objects. > books").
> meli li toki e soweli, e waso. - A woman is talking about land animals and > mi pakala lili. -- I made a little mistake.
> birds.
> jan pali li pona e ilo, li lukin e lipu. - A worker fixes the device and looks > ilo sina li kalama mute ike. -- Your instrument is making lots of bad noise.
> at (reads) a document.
The word "ni" is also used to create more complex sentences.
> jan lili toki e ni: sina pona. -- The child said that you're good.
## Dialectal differences ## Dialectal differences
@ -54,50 +56,44 @@ particles "li" or "e" followed by their verbs or objects.
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in > This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas. > explaining certain ideas.
If the subject is "mi" or "sina" (and therefore it doesn't have a particle There doesn't seem to be an agreement whether or not "en" can be used within
"li"), you can do one of two things to add an extra verb. phrases that use the particle "pi" (will be explained later). In addition, Sonja
Lang herself said that using "en" to combine several objects is "not completely
* The official book ("pu") suggests that you simply duplicate the sentence: wrong", but rather stylistically inelegant.
> mi pali. mi moku. - I work and eat.
* The "o kama sona e toki pona!" course instead suggests you add a second "li":
> mi pali, li moku. - I work and eat.
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* mi moku ala e soweli. * kulupu sina li ante mute.
* jan pona sina li toki e ma, e telo. * jan ike li pakala e ilo mi.
* jan suli li lukin a ma tomo, li sitelen e ijo. * mi pali e tomo ni.
* ma li jo e kasi ike. * jan utala pona mute li awen e kulupu ni.
* pipi lili li suli, li pona. * kulupu suli li awen, li suli e ona.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Your city doesn't have any workers. * Warm food is very good.
* My husband doesn't work, (only) eats and fights. * Sleeping children don't make noises.
* My homeland ("original land") is large. * The workers said that they are strong and tough.
* Your painting looks good. * You look different.
* My friend has fish and fruit and makes good food. * This house preserves the heat.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * I don't eat animals (i.e. meat). > * Your community is very different.
> * Your friend is talking about the land and the water. > * A bad person broke my tools.
> * An important person is looking at the city and writing things down. > * I built this house.
> * The land has weeds ("bad plants"). > * The good warriors protect this community.
> * Small bugs are important and good. > * The large community endures and grows itself.
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * ma tomo sina li jo ala e jan pali. > * moku seli li pona mute.
> * mije ma li pali ala, li moku, li utala. > * jan lili lape li kalama ala.
> * ma mama mi li suli. > * jan pali mute li toki e ni: ona li wawa, li kiwen.
> * sitelen sina li pona lukin. > * sina ante lukin.
> * jan pona mi li jo e kala e kili li pali e moku pona. > * tomo ni li awen e seli.
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% toki pona page 6 - this and that % toki pona page 6 - prepositions and locations
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
The vocabulary for this page: The vocabulary for this page will be divided into two groups. Prepositions:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------| |---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| ante | different, changed, to change | Dutch "ander" (other, different) | | kepeken | to use, using, with the help of | Dutch "gebruiken" (to use) |
| awen | keep, stay, endure, protect | Dutch "houden" (keep, care for) | | lon | in, at, on, true, present, exist| Tok Pisin "long" (at, in, on) |
| en | and (combines subjects) | Dutch "en" (and) | | sama | same as, similar, like, sibling | Esperanto/Finnish "sama" (same) |
| kalama | sound, noise, to read/make sound| Serbo-Croatian "galama" (noise) | | tan | from, because of, cause, reason | Cantonese "tsung" (from) |
| kulupu | group, community, society | Tongan "kulupu" (from "group") | | tawa | to, for, moving, from persp. of | English "towards" |
| lape | sleep, rest | Dutch "slapen" (sleep) |
| mute | many, more, quantity | Esperanto "multe" (a lot) |
| ni | this, that | Cantonese "ni" (this) |
| pakala | break, mistake, (generic curse) | Tok Pisin "bagarap" (accident) |
| seli | heat, warmth, chemical reaction | Georgian "cxeli" (hot) |
Before we discover a whole new type of words and new grammar, let's fill in some And regular words (which in this case all relate to locations):
blanks.
The word "en" lets one combine several subjects in one sentence: | word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| sewi | up, above, sky, divine, sacred | Georgian "zevit" (upwards) |
| noka | foot, leg, bottom, under | Serbo-Croatian "noga" (foot/leg) |
| poka | hip, side, next to, nearby | Serbo-Croatian "boka" (of side) |
| monsi | back, behind, rear, butt | Acadian French "mon tchu" |
| sinpin | face, foremost, front, wall | Cantonese "tsin bin" (in front) |
> mi en sina li moku. -- Me and you are eating. Prepositions are words that are attacked to other parts of the sentence in order
to express a place or time (more on that in the future) or a specific detail
about the action.
Note that it is _not_ used to combine several verbs or objects. In toki pona, the words "kepeken", "lon", "sama", "tan" and "tawa" can be
prepositions -- in which case they're added at the end of the sentence without
any extra particles -- or as regular words with related meanings.
The word "mute" allows to specify whether the subject (or object) is singular or Here are some examples of all five of these words, both as prepositions and as
plural. regular words:
> jan utala mute -- many warriors > mi pona e tomo kepeken ilo mi. -- I am repairing the house using my tools.
> mi mute -- we, us > mi toki kepeken toki pona. -- I speak in toki pona.
Here are some example sentences: > sina kepeken e ilo sitelen. -- You are using a writing/drawing tool (pen,
> pencil, brush).
> jan lili mute li lape. -- The children are sleeping. > mi lon tomo sina. -- I am in your house.
> kulupu ni li pona mute. -- This community is very good. > jan ike li kalama mute lon tomo lipu. -- A bad person is being very noisy
> in the library.
> kiwen suli li pakala e tomo lipu. -- A big rock damaged the library ("house of > ona toki e ijo lon. -- He/she/they speak the truth ("talk about things that
> books"). > exist").
> mi pakala lili. -- I made a little mistake. > mi en sina li sama. -- You and I are similar.
> ilo sina li kalama mute ike. -- Your instrument is making lots of bad noise. > meli sama mi li pona. -- My sister is good.
The word "ni" is also used to create more complex sentences. > kiwen lili li sama lukin pipi. -- The pebble ("small rock") looks like a bug.
> jan lili toki e ni: sina pona. -- The child said that you're good. > mi lape tan ni: mi jo ala e wawa. -- I sleep, because i don't have any energy.
> mi tawa tan tomo mi. -- I am leaving my house.
> tomo tawa mi li pona. -- My car ("moving house/structure") is good.
> mi tawa lon tomo moku. -- I am going to the restaurant ("house of food").
The word "tawa" can also express perspective.
> sina li pona tawa mi. -- I like you. ("You are good for me.")
> %warning%
> Since "tawa" can be both an adjective and a preposition, certain phrases can
> be ambiguous. For example, "tomo tawa mi" can mean both "my car" and "a house,
> from my perspective". The specific meaning will depend on context.
And here are some examples of the location words:
> waso mute li lon sewi. -- Many birds are in the sky.
> mi toki tawa jan sewi. -- I speak to a (deity/angel/someone divine/(possibly
> literally) man in the sky).
> mi tawa kepeken noka mi. -- I am moving on foot ("using my legs").
> kiwen lili li lon noka mi. -- A small rock is below me.
> mi tawa lon poka sina. -- I walk beside you.
> jan poka li ike tawa mi. -- I don't like my neighbor.
> poka mi li pakala. -- My hip/side is broken.
> ona li lon monsi sina. -- They are behind you.
> jan utala mute li lon sinpin. -- Warriors are standing in front of me.
> lipu suli li on sinpin ni. -- An important document is on this wall.
> sinpin ona li pona lukin. -- Their face looks good.
## Dialectal differences ## Dialectal differences
@ -56,44 +102,47 @@ The word "ni" is also used to create more complex sentences.
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in > This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas. > explaining certain ideas.
There doesn't seem to be an agreement whether or not "en" can be used within The official book uses "lon" with a wider meaning, also including "with". For
phrases that use the particle "pi" (will be explained later). In addition, Sonja example, "I speak in toki pona" is translated as "mi toki lon toki pona". This
Lang herself said that using "en" to combine several objects is "not completely does not seem to be a common usage of the word.
wrong", but rather stylistically inelegant.
Other courses also use "anpa" instead of "noka" to mean "below" (using "noka"
only to specifically mean "leg" or "foot".) The word "anpa" will be covered in
[page 7](7.html).
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* kulupu sina li ante mute. * ona li toki tawa mama mije ona kepeken ilo toki.
* jan ike li pakala e ilo mi. * moku suwi li ike tawa mi.
* mi pali e tomo ni. * ma mama mi li utala e ma poka.
* jan utala pona mute li awen e kulupu ni. * meli sama sina li jan pona mi.
* kulupu suli li awen, li suli e ona. * pipi lili li lon sinpin sina.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Warm food is very good. * You broke my car.
* Sleeping children don't make noises. * The man gives out food to children.
* The workers said that they are strong and tough. * I dislike this chat room ("talking structure").
* You look different. * I fixed the house because of you.
* This house preserves the heat. * They are reading books in the library.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * Your community is very different. > * They are speaking to their father on a phone.
> * A bad person broke my tools. > * I don't like sweet food / Sweet food is bad for me.
> * I built this house. > * My homeland is fighting (against) a neighboring country.
> * The good warriors protect this community. > * Your sister is my friend.
> * The large community endures and grows itself. > * A small bug is on your face.
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * moku seli li pona mute. > * sina pakala e tomo tawa mi.
> * jan lili lape li kalama ala. > * (jan) mije li pana e moku tawa jan lili.
> * jan pali mute li toki e ni: ona li wawa, li kiwen. > * tomo toki ni li ike tawa mi.
> * sina ante lukin. > * mi pona e tomo tan sina.
> * tomo ni li awen e seli. > * ona li lukin e lipu lon tomo lipu.
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% toki pona page 7 - prepositions and locations % toki pona page 7 - interjections, questions, commands and names
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
The vocabulary for this page will be divided into two groups. Prepositions: The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------| |-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kepeken | to use, using, with the help of | Dutch "gebruiken" (to use) | | a | (emotional interjection) | n/a |
| lon | in, at, on, true, present, exist| Tok Pisin "long" (at, in, on) | | anu | or (for yes/no questions) | Georgian "an" (or) |
| sama | same as, similar, like, sibling | Esperanto/Finnish "sama" (same) | | mu | (any animal sound) | "moo" onomatopoeia |
| tan | from, because of, cause, reason | Cantonese "tsung" (from) | | o | (addressing people, commands) | Georgian "-o" (vocative case) |
| tawa | to, for, moving, from persp. of | English "towards" | | seme | what? (for questions) | Mandarin "shénme" (what, smth) |
And regular words (which in this case all relate to locations): | word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kute | listen, hear, obey, ear | Acadian French "écouter" (listen)|
| nimi | word, name | Finnish "nimi" (name) |
| lawa | head, control, own, rule, main | Serbo-Croatian "glava" (head) |
| anpa | lowly, humble, to conquer/defeat | Acadian French "en bas" (below) |
| insa | inside, contents, center, stomach| Tok Pisin "insait" (inside) |
| word | meaning | derived from | ## Interjections and commands
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| sewi | up, above, sky, divine, sacred | Georgian "zevit" (upwards) |
| noka | foot, leg, bottom, under | Serbo-Croatian "noga" (foot/leg) |
| poka | hip, side, next to, nearby | Serbo-Croatian "boka" (of side) |
| monsi | back, behind, rear, butt | Acadian French "mon tchu" |
| sinpin | face, foremost, front, wall | Cantonese "tsin bin" (in front) |
Prepositions are words that are attacked to other parts of the sentence in order The word "a" functions like a emotional interjection. It is usually either added
to express a place or time (more on that in the future) or a specific detail at the end of a sentence or functions as a sentence on its own.
about the action.
In toki pona, the words "kepeken", "lon", "sama", "tan" and "tawa" can be > sina suwi a! -- You are so cute!
prepositions -- in which case they're added at the end of the sentence without
any extra particles -- or as regular words with related meanings.
Here are some examples of all five of these words, both as prepositions and as More specifically, laughter is indicated with the sentence "a a a!" (ha ha ha!).
regular words:
> mi pona e tomo kepeken ilo mi. -- I am repairing the house using my tools. The word "mu" substitutes for any sound made by any animal.
> mi toki kepeken toki pona. -- I speak in toki pona. The word "o" is used to address people and issue commands.
> sina kepeken e ilo sitelen. -- You are using a writing/drawing tool (pen, When used on its own at the beginning of a sentence, it turns the rest of the
> pencil, brush). message into a command.
> mi lon tomo sina. -- I am in your house. > o kute e mi! -- Listen to me!
> jan ike li kalama mute lon tomo lipu. -- A bad person is being very noisy When used after a noun phrase, it addresses a person.
> in the library.
> ona toki e ijo lon. -- He/she/they speak the truth ("talk about things that > sina o! -- Hey, you!
> exist").
> mi en sina li sama. -- You and I are similar. Both uses can be combined.
> meli sama mi li pona. -- My sister is good. > jan pali o, kepeken e ilo awen! -- Worker, use protective equipment!
> kiwen lili li sama lukin pipi. -- The pebble ("small rock") looks like a bug. ## Questions
> mi lape tan ni: mi jo ala e wawa. -- I sleep, because i don't have any energy. There are two ways to ask questions in toki pona.
> mi tawa tan tomo mi. -- I am leaving my house. If you want to ask a yes-or-no question, you phrase the sentence normally, but
replace the word being questioned with a "[word] ala [word]" structure.
> tomo tawa mi li pona. -- My car ("moving house/structure") is good. > sina pona ala pona? -- Are you okay?
> mi tawa lon tomo moku. -- I am going to the restaurant ("house of food"). There are no words for "yes" and "no", so to answer positively, you repeat the
verb, and to answer negatively, you add "ala".
The word "tawa" can also express perspective. > pona. -- Yes.
> sina li pona tawa mi. -- I like you. ("You are good for me.") > pona ala. -- No.
> %warning% (From what I understand, this structure is similar to what is used in Mandarin.)
> Since "tawa" can be both an adjective and a preposition, certain phrases can
> be ambiguous. For example, "tomo tawa mi" can mean both "my car" and "a house,
> from my perspective". The specific meaning will depend on context.
And here are some examples of the location words: > ona li pali ala pali? -- Are they working?
> waso mute li lon sewi. -- Many birds are in the sky. > jan lili li moku ala moku? -- Are the children eating?
> mi toki tawa jan sewi. -- I speak to a (deity/angel/someone divine/(possibly Alternatively, you can add "anu seme" ("or what?") instead.
> literally) man in the sky).
> mi tawa kepeken noka mi. -- I am moving on foot ("using my legs"). > sina pona anu seme? -- Are you okay?
> kiwen lili li lon noka mi. -- A small rock is below me. For freeform questions, you start with a regular sentence, but replace the word
you're interested in with "seme".
> mi tawa lon poka sina. -- I walk beside you. > sina pali e seme? -- What are you (doing/working on)?
> jan poka li ike tawa mi. -- I don't like my neighbor. ## Names (unofficial words)
> poka mi li pakala. -- My hip/side is broken. So far, these pages only relied on native toki pona words to refer to things and
people. But this is clearly not enough when you need to call someone by their
name. For proper names, toki pona uses so-called "unofficial words". These are
usually names of people, cities, countries, etc., taken from their native
languages and adapted to toki pona's pronunciation rules. Unlike all toki pona
words, they're spelled with the first letter capitalized.
> ona li lon monsi sina. -- They are behind you. Unofficial words are always treated as adjectives, which means that before them
is always a noun or a noun phrase describing what is being referred to.
> jan utala mute li lon sinpin. -- Warriors are standing in front of me. > jan Mimi -- (the person) Mimi
> lipu suli li on sinpin ni. -- An important document is on this wall. > ma Kanata -- (the country) Canada
> sinpin ona li pona lukin. -- Their face looks good. > ma tomo Napoli -- (the city) Naples
## Dialectal differences Alternatively, the unofficial words can actually be used as adjectives:
> jan Kanata -- a Canadian person
Thanks to different people interpreting both the native names and toki pona's
sounds in different ways, there may ultimately be several different unofficial
names for the same city or country's name.
Also, people speaking toki pona are free to pick their own personal toki pona
names, either by adapting the name from their native language or coming up with
something new.
> %info% > %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in > The [page 7a](7a.html) contains some more information about how
> explaining certain ideas. > unofficial words are created.
The official book uses "lon" with a wider meaning, also including "with". For ## Examples
example, "I speak in toki pona" is translated as "mi toki lon toki pona". This
does not seem to be a common usage of the word.
Other courses also use "anpa" instead of "noka" to mean "below" (using "noka" > o toki ala a! -- Shut up!
only to specifically mean "leg" or "foot".) The word "anpa" will be covered in
[page 8](8.html). > sina pali ala pali e ni? -- Did you do this?
> mi jan San. mi lon ma Mewika. -- I am John. I live in the United States.
> nimi sina li seme? -- What is your name?
> jan lawa mi li ike mute. -- (My boss / our leader) is very bad.
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* ona li toki tawa mama mije ona kepeken ilo toki. * o moku ala e kili ni a!
* moku suwi li ike tawa mi. * kulupu Kensa li anpa e kulupu ale ante.
* ma mama mi li utala e ma poka. * o toki insa ala e ni: jan pali li anpa tawa jan lawa.
* meli sama sina li jan pona mi. * sina pali e ni tan seme?
* pipi lili li lon sinpin sina. * insa mi li pakala. o pona e mi a!
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* You broke my car. * I don't think gods exist.
* The man gives out food to children. * Don't make noise in the library.
* I dislike this chat room ("talking structure"). * My boss tells me not to sleep in the office.
* I fixed the house because of you. * Your brother looks just like you.
* They are reading books in the library. * Don't go outside.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * They are speaking to their father on a phone. > * Don't eat this fruit/vegetable/mushroom!
> * I don't like sweet food / Sweet food is bad for me. > * The Kansas team defeated all other teams.
> * My homeland is fighting (against) a neighboring country. > * Don't think that workers are lowly before the leaders.
> * Your sister is my friend. > * Why did you do this?
> * A small bug is on your face. > * My (stomach / internal organs) are hurt. Help me!
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * sina pakala e tomo tawa mi. > * mi toki insa e ni: jan sewi li lon ala.
> * (jan) mije li pana e moku tawa jan lili. > * o kalama ala lon tomo lipu.
> * tomo toki ni li ike tawa mi. > * jan lawa mi li toki e ni: o lape ala lon tomo pali.
> * mi pona e tomo tan sina. > * jan sama mije sina li lukin sama mute sina.
> * ona li lukin e lipu lon tomo lipu. > * o tawa ala lon ma.
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% page 8a - creating toki pona unofficial words % page 7a - creating toki pona unofficial words
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ toki pona!" course features [this
list of rules](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/tpize.php), and the official book list of rules](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/tpize.php), and the official book
has its own. has its own.
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% toki pona page 8 - interjections, questions, commands and names % toki pona page 8 - colorful language
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
@ -6,155 +6,96 @@ The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------| |-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| a | (emotional interjection) | n/a | | kule | color, colorful | French "couleur" (color) |
| anu | or (for yes/no questions) | Georgian "an" (or) | | jelo | yellow (and its shades) | English "yellow" |
| mu | (any animal sound) | "moo" onomatopoeia | | laso | blue, green (and its shades) | Welsh "glas" (blue) |
| o | (addressing people, commands) | Georgian "-o" (vocative case) | | loje | red (and its shades) | Dutch "rooie" (red) |
| seme | what? (for questions) | Mandarin "shénme" (what, smth) | | pimeja| black, dark | Finnish "pimeä" (dark) |
| walo | white, bright | Finnish "valko-" (white) |
| nasa | unusual, strange, crazy, drunk | Tok Pisin "nasau" (stupid) |
| jaki | dirty, disgusting, toxic | English "yucky" |
| moli | death, dying | Acadian French "mourir" (die) |
| unpa | sexual (or marital) relations | onomatopoeia |
| word | meaning | derived from | ## Colors
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kute | listen, hear, obey, ear | Acadian French "écouter" (listen)|
| nimi | word, name | Finnish "nimi" (name) |
| lawa | head, control, own, rule, main | Serbo-Croatian "glava" (head) |
| anpa | lowly, humble, to conquer/defeat | Acadian French "en bas" (below) |
| insa | inside, contents, center, stomach| Tok Pisin "insait" (inside) |
## Interjections and commands In toki pona, there are five basic color terms: "loje" (red), "jelo" (yellow),
"laso" (blue and green), "pimeja" (black) and "walo" (white).
The word "a" functions like a emotional interjection. It is usually either added These terms can be combined with each other, or words referring to natural
at the end of a sentence or functions as a sentence on its own. things, to form other shades:
> sina suwi a! -- You are so cute! > laso sewi -- blue ("sky green/blue")
More specifically, laughter is indicated with the sentence "a a a!" (ha ha ha!). > laso kasi -- green ("plant green/blue")
The word "mu" substitutes for any sound made by any animal. > loje jelo -- orange ("yellowish red")
The word "o" is used to address people and issue commands. > jelo pimeja -- brown ("dark yellow")
When used on its own at the beginning of a sentence, it turns the rest of the > walo pimeja -- gray ("dark white")
message into a command.
> o kute e mi! -- Listen to me! ## Example sentences
When used after a noun phrase, it addresses a person. > jan lili li pana e ko jaki tan monsi ona. -- The kid pooped himself.
> sina o! -- Hey, you! > jan Simu o, mije li moli. -- He's dead, Jim.
Both uses can be combined. > tomo ni li jo e jaki mute. ni li ike tawa mi a! -- This room is covered in
> gross materials. I don't like it!
> jan pali o, kepeken e ilo awen! -- Worker, use protective equipment! > mije mi li unpa ala e jan ante. -- My husband doesn't have sex with other
> people.
## Questions ## Comparative sentences
There are two ways to ask questions in toki pona. While there are words in toki pona for "good" or "bad", there is no "better" or
"worse". While there are words for "lots" and "little", there's no "more" or
"less".
If you want to ask a yes-or-no question, you phrase the sentence normally, but To make a comparative statement, you instead split it into two sentences:
replace the word being questioned with a "[word] ala [word]" structure.
> sina pona ala pona? -- Are you okay? > mi wawa. sina wawa lili. -- I am stronger than you. (I am strong.
> You are slightly strong.)
There are no words for "yes" and "no", so to answer positively, you repeat the Of course, the degree of comparison can be adjusted by changing the difference
verb, and to answer negatively, you add "ala". between the adjectives.
> pona. -- Yes. > mi wawa mute. sina wawa ala. -- I am way stronger than you. (I am very strong.
> You are weak.)
> pona ala. -- No.
(From what I understand, this structure is similar to what is used in Mandarin.)
> ona li pali ala pali? -- Are they working?
> jan lili li moku ala moku? -- Are the children eating?
Alternatively, you can add "anu seme" ("or what?") instead.
> sina pona anu seme? -- Are you okay?
For freeform questions, you start with a regular sentence, but replace the word
you're interested in with "seme".
> sina pali e seme? -- What are you (doing/working on)?
## Names (unofficial words)
So far, these pages only relied on native toki pona words to refer to things and
people. But this is clearly not enough when you need to call someone by their
name. For proper names, toki pona uses so-called "unofficial words". These are
usually names of people, cities, countries, etc., taken from their native
languages and adapted to toki pona's pronunciation rules. Unlike all toki pona
words, they're spelled with the first letter capitalized.
Unofficial words are always treated as adjectives, which means that before them
is always a noun or a noun phrase describing what is being referred to.
> jan Mimi -- (the person) Mimi
> ma Kanata -- (the country) Canada
> ma tomo Napoli -- (the city) Naples
Alternatively, the unofficial words can actually be used as adjectives:
> jan Kanata -- a Canadian person
Thanks to different people interpreting both the native names and toki pona's
sounds in different ways, there may ultimately be several different unofficial
names for the same city or country's name.
Also, people speaking toki pona are free to pick their own personal toki pona
names, either by adapting the name from their native language or coming up with
something new.
> %info%
> The [page 8a](8a.html) contains some more information about how
> unofficial words are created.
## Examples
> o toki ala a! -- Shut up!
> sina pali ala pali e ni? -- Did you do this?
> mi jan San. mi lon ma Mewika. -- I am John. I live in the United States.
> nimi sina li seme? -- What is your name?
> jan lawa mi li ike mute. -- (My boss / our leader) is very bad.
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* o moku ala e kili ni a! * kule loje li pona tawa mi.
* kulupu Kensa li anpa e kulupu ale ante. * o pana e telo kili loje jelo tawa mi.
* o toki insa ala e ni: jan pali li anpa tawa jan lawa. * kasi kule sina li pona lukin tawa mi.
* sina pali e ni tan seme? * mi moku ala e telo nasa.
* insa mi li pakala. o pona e mi a! * o moli ala e ona a!
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* I don't think gods exist. * Your house is bigger than mine.
* Don't make noise in the library. * I like blue sky more than gray sky.
* My boss tells me not to sleep in the office. * Ew, gross! This food is terrible!
* Your brother looks just like you. * I'm in the red house.
* Don't go outside. * The drunk person doesn't listen to me.
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * Don't eat this fruit/vegetable/mushroom! > * I like the color red.
> * The Kansas team defeated all other teams. > * Give me the orange(-colored) juice.
> * Don't think that workers are lowly before the leaders. > * I like how your flowers look.
> * Why did you do this? > * I don't drink alcohol.
> * My (stomach / internal organs) are hurt. Help me! > * Don't kill them!
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * mi toki insa e ni: jan sewi li lon ala. > * tomo sina li suli. tomo mi li lili.
> * o kalama ala lon tomo lipu. > * sewi laso li pona mute tawa mi. sewi pimeja walo li pona lili tawa mi.
> * jan lawa mi li toki e ni: o lape ala lon tomo pali. > * jaki a! moku ni li ike mute a!
> * jan sama mije sina li lukin sama mute sina. > * mi lon tomo loje.
> * o tawa ala lon ma. > * jan nasa li kute ala e mi.
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% toki pona page 9 - colorful language % toki pona page 9 - complex adjectives and contexts
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
@ -6,96 +6,100 @@ The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------| |-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kule | color, colorful | French "couleur" (color) | | pi | "of" (groups adjectives) | Tok Pisin "bilong" (of) |
| jelo | yellow (and its shades) | English "yellow" | | la | "if/when" (introduces context) | Esperanto "la" (definite article)|
| laso | blue, green (and its shades) | Welsh "glas" (blue) | | luka | hand, arm | Serbo-Croatian "ruka" (arm) |
| loje | red (and its shades) | Dutch "rooie" (red) | | linja | long flexible object, hair | Finnish "linja" (line) |
| pimeja| black, dark | Finnish "pimeä" (dark) | | palisa| long solid object, branch, stick | Serbo-Croatian "palica" (rod) |
| walo | white, bright | Finnish "valko-" (white) | | selo | outer form, shell, skin, boundary| Esperanto "ŝelo" (skin) |
| nasa | unusual, strange, crazy, drunk | Tok Pisin "nasau" (stupid) | | sijelo| body, physical state, torso | Serbo-Croatian "tijelo" (body) |
| jaki | dirty, disgusting, toxic | English "yucky" | | len | cloth, clothes, layer of privacy | Acadian French "linge" (clothing)|
| moli | death, dying | Acadian French "mourir" (die) | | lete | cold, raw | Acadian French "frette" (cold) |
| unpa | sexual (or marital) relations | onomatopoeia | | musi | entertaining, artistic, fun, game| Esperanto "amuzi" (have fun) |
## Colors Time to introduce two another particles in this language: "pi" and "la".
In toki pona, there are five basic color terms: "loje" (red), "jelo" (yellow), ## pi
"laso" (blue and green), "pimeja" (black) and "walo" (white).
These terms can be combined with each other, or words referring to natural The word "pi" works by grouping several adjectives together. Normally, all
things, to form other shades: adjectives in a phrase apply to the first word.
> laso sewi -- blue ("sky green/blue") For example:
> laso kasi -- green ("plant green/blue") > jan wawa -- strong person
> loje jelo -- orange ("yellowish red") > jan wawa ala -- no strong people
> jelo pimeja -- brown ("dark yellow") If you need to say "weak people", you need to negate "wawa", but not "jan".
That's where "pi" comes in handy:
> walo pimeja -- gray ("dark white") > jan pi wawa ala -- weak person/people ("of no strength")
## Example sentences It is also useful for phrases that use unofficial words.
> jan lili li pana e ko jaki tan monsi ona. -- The kid pooped himself. > ma tomo Wasintan li ma tomo lawa pi ma Mewika. -- (the city of) Washington is
> the capital ("main city") of the United States.
> jan Simu o, mije li moli. -- He's dead, Jim. ## la
> tomo ni li jo e jaki mute. ni li ike tawa mi a! -- This room is covered in The word "la" allows to combine two sentences to form conditions and introduce
> gross materials. I don't like it! context.
> mije mi li unpa ala e jan ante. -- My husband doesn't have sex with other > [sentence A] la [sentence B].
> people.
## Comparative sentences This translates to something like:
While there are words in toki pona for "good" or "bad", there is no "better" or > If [sentence A], then [sentence B].
"worse". While there are words for "lots" and "little", there's no "more" or
"less".
To make a comparative statement, you instead split it into two sentences: ## Dialectal differences
> mi wawa. sina wawa lili. -- I am stronger than you. (I am strong. > %info%
> You are slightly strong.) > This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas.
Of course, the degree of comparison can be adjusted by changing the difference The official book, the "o kama sona e toki pona!" course and my personal style
between the adjectives. differ on how to place punctuation in sentences that use "la".
> mi wawa mute. sina wawa ala. -- I am way stronger than you. (I am very strong. The official book sometimes uses a comma before "la" and sometimes uses no
> You are weak.) punctuation.
The online course doesn't use any punctuation.
I personally prefer using the comma after "la".
## Exercises ## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* kule loje li pona tawa mi. *
* o pana e telo kili loje jelo tawa mi. *
* kasi kule sina li pona lukin tawa mi. *
* mi moku ala e telo nasa. *
* o moli ala e ona a! *
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
* Your house is bigger than mine. *
* I like blue sky more than gray sky. *
* Ew, gross! This food is terrible! *
* I'm in the red house. *
* The drunk person doesn't listen to me. *
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a> <a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * I like the color red. > *
> * Give me the orange(-colored) juice. > *
> * I like how your flowers look. > *
> * I don't drink alcohol. > *
> * Don't kill them! > *
> %spoiler% > %spoiler%
> * tomo sina li suli. tomo mi li lili. > *
> * sewi laso li pona mute tawa mi. sewi pimeja walo li pona lili tawa mi. > *
> * jaki a! moku ni li ike mute a! > *
> * mi lon tomo loje. > *
> * jan nasa li kute ala e mi. > *
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% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
This is a series of pages devoted to the language "toki pona", a simple-to-learn This is the a series of pages comprising an attempt at an educational course
language that only uses 120 words. about *toki pona*, a constructed language originally designed in 2001 and
then gradually revised over the years by Sonja Lang.
* [page 0 - introduction](0.html) The language is designed around the ideas of minimalist design and simplifying
* [page 1 - spelling and pronunciation](1.html) one's thoughts, with complicated ideas being broken into their basic components.
* [page 2 - basic sentences](2.html) As a result, the language is considered to be incredibly easy to learn, with
* [page 3 - adjectives](3.html) some people claiming to be able to read it after only days and achieving fluency
* [page 4 - verbs and objects](4.html) within a week or two.
* [page 5 - oh no! more vocabulary](5.html)
* [page 6 - this and that](6.html) With an official vocabulary of around 120 words (plus some new additional
* [page 7 - prepositions and locations](7.html) words created in the community), a simple grammar and an easy-to-learn phonology,
* [page 8 - interjections, questions, commands and names](8.html) learning toki pona is, in fact, a relatively simple challenge, even compared to
* * [page 8a - more about making unofficial words](8a.html) other simplified constructed languages, such as Esperanto.
* [page 9 - (WIP) colorful language](9.html)
* [page 10 - (WIP) complex adjectives and contexts](10.html) However, with that simplicity also come limitations. Many words have multiple
* [page 11 - (TODO) pre-verbs and time](11.html) meanings, and a lot of phrases or sentences are ambiguous without context.
* [page 12 - (TODO) numbers](12.html) Expressing many concepts and ideas in toki pona will require one to come up with
* [page 13 - (TODO) the final countdown](13.html) their own phrases or rephrase them completely (which, as mentioned before, is
part of the language's idea).
The language is also designed to be easy to use regardless of one's native
language. The sounds and syllable structure used in toki pona are distinct from
one another and common across many languages, whereas the vocabulary features
words borrowed from many languages across the world.
# About this course
There are several good sources to educate yourself about toki pona available
already. The most important (and best, in my opinion), is the [official toki
pona book](https://tokipona.org/) (also known as "pu") published in 2014 by
Sonja Lang herself. It is not free, but it's a well-written book with lots of
additional texts to read and it explains the language very well.
Another useful resource is the online course ["o kama sona e toki
pona!"](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona.php) (learn
toki pona!) by Bryant Knight (aka "jan Pije"). It has some differences in how it
uses certain words, and the past versions of the course have attracted some
controversy, but it's also a well-made course.
My goal here is to try and present a version that tries to account for the
different ways people speak and write toki pona and the way it is being used
now. My personal style is mostly based on "pu", but with slight adjustments, but
other styles will be covered as well.
The page numbered zero will provide basic info on the language's spelling and
pronunciation, and each page past that will introduce 10 new words.
## Table of Contents
* [page 0 - spelling and pronunciation](0.html)
* [page 1 - basic sentences](1.html)
* [page 2 - adjectives](2.html)
* [page 3 - verbs and objects](3.html)
* [page 4 - oh no! more vocabulary](4.html)
* [page 5 - this and that](5.html)
* [page 6 - prepositions and locations](6.html)
* [page 7 - interjections, questions, commands and names](7.html)
* * [page 7a - more about making unofficial words](7a.html)
* [page 8 - (WIP) colorful language](8.html)
* [page 9 - (WIP) complex adjectives and contexts](9.html)
* [page 10 - (TODO) pre-verbs and time](10.html)
* [page 11 - (TODO) numbers](11.html)
* [page 12 - (TODO) the final countdown](12.html)
* [page x1 - (TODO) community additions](x1.html) * [page x1 - (TODO) community additions](x1.html)