lipu-sona/pages/tokipona/10.md

% toki pona page 10 - pre-verbs, time and place
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020

The vocabulary for this page -- pre-verbs:

| word  | meaning                          |
|-------|----------------------------------|
| kama  | coming, future, event            |
| ken   | can, ability, possibility        |
| open  | start, begin, open               |
| pini  | end, finish, close               |
| sona  | knowledge, to know (how to)      |
| wile  | want, need, desire               |

and regular words:

| word  | meaning                          |
|-------|----------------------------------|
| lupa  | hole, door, window               |
| nasin | path, road, directive, way       |
| nena  | hill, mountain, button, bump,nose|
| tenpo | time, moment                     |

## Pre-verbs

Time to cover the last grammatical feature of toki pona: pre-verbs. These are
words that are added before other verbs and modify their meaning.

The word "kama" is used both as a regular verb to mean "to come" and to express
that something is a current event:

> mi jo e moku. -- I have food.
>
> mi kama jo e moku. -- I (got / am getting) food.

> mi kama tan ma Losi -- I come from Russia.

As a pre-verb, the word "ken" functions much like the English word "can":

> mi pali e tomo. -- I work on a house.
>
> mi ken pali e tomo. -- I can work on a house.

It can be used on its own to mean "possibility", "ability":

> ni li ken. -- This is possible.

> ken la ale li pona. -- Maybe everything is okay.

The words "open" and "pini" express that the action is beginning or ending.

> mi open pali e tomo. -- I start working on a house.

> mi pini pali e tomo. -- I stop/finish working on a house.

The word "sona" by itself can mean "knowledge" or "to know", but as a pre-verb,
it means "know how to [do the action]":

> mi sona pali e tomo. -- I know how to work on a house.

> mi sona e ni. -- I know this.

> mi sona sitelen. -- I know how to write/draw.

> mi sona e sitelen. -- I know a writing/picture.

> ona li sona ala sona e toki Inli? -- Do they know English?

When "kama" is added before "sona", you get a phrase that means "to learn":

> jan lili li kama sona toki. -- The child is learning how to speak.

> mi kama sona e toki pona. -- I am learning toki pona. 

or alternatively:

> mi kama sona toki kepeken toki pona. -- I am learning how to speak in toki pona.

The word "wile" is used to express want or need for the following action or
thing.

> jan lili li wile moku. -- The child (is hungry / wants to eat).

> jan lili li wile e ijo musi. The child wants a toy ("amusing thing").

> wile sina li suli mute. -- Your needs/desires are very big.

In addition to these words, the words "awen" and "lukin" can also be used as
pre-verbs. "awen" as a pre-verb means "to keep/continue [doing something]" and
"lukin" means "to look for, to seek, to try [to do something]".

> ona li lukin e lipu. -- They are reading a book.

> ona li awen lukin e lipu. -- They are still reading a book.

> mi jo e tomo. -- I have a house.

> mi lukin jo e tomo. -- I'm searching for a house (to own).

## Time

The word "tenpo" is useful, because it's at the basis of many phrases that allow
one to define time at which something is happening. Since toki pona doesn't have
grammatical tenses, the way time is generally described is by using an
additional phrase:

> tenpo ni la mi moku. -- (Right now, ) I eat.

or 

> mi moku lon tenpo ni. -- I eat (at this time).

(As explained in [page 9](9.html), such uses of "lon" and "la" are
interchangable in other cases as well.)

The phrases "tenpo pini" and "tenpo kama" are commonly used to mean "past" and
"future".

> tenpo pini la mi pali e ijo ike mute. -- I did a lot of bad things in the
> past.

> tenpo kama la o moku ala e kasi ni. -- In the future, don't eat this plant.

Of course, you can ask questions regarding time by using "tenpo seme":

> tenpo seme la sina pini e pali sina? -- When will you finish your work?

## Dialectal differences

> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas, or how communities differ in using them.

The words "open" and "pini" are used as pre-verbs by some in the toki pona
community, but they're not defined or used as such in the official toki pona
book or the "o kama sona e toki pona!" course.

## Exercises

Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.

* o open e lupa. 
* tenpo lili la mi kama tawa lon sina.
* mi wile tawa lon ma ante.
* sina ken ala ken kama tawa tomo mi?
* sina kama tawa tomo mi la o kepeken e nasin Linkan.
* sina lon nena la sina ken lukin e ijo mute.

And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.

* Do you know how to do it? 
* Everything is possible. 
* Can you open the door?
* If you don't listen to experts ("people of knowledge"), your work will be bad.
* I work on this for a long time.
* I'm still learning toki pona.

<button onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</button>

> %spoiler%
> * Open the door.
> * In a moment, I'll head towards you.
> * I want to go to other countries.
> * Can you come to my house?
> * If you're coming to my house, use Lincoln Street.
> * If you're on a hill, you can see many things.

> %spoiler%
> * sina sona ala sona pali ona? / sina sona pali ona anu seme?
> * ale li ken.
> * sina ken ala ken open e lupa? / sina ken open e lupa anu seme?
> * sina kute ala e jan sona la pali sina li ike.
> * tenpo mute la mi pali e ni. / mi pali e ni lon tenpo mute.
> * mi awen kama sona e toki pona.

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