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140 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
140 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
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% toki pona page 10 - pre-verbs, time and place
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% /dev/urandom
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% march 2020
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The vocabulary for this page -- pre-verbs:
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| word | meaning | derived from |
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|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
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| kama | coming, future, event | Tok Pisin "kamap" (event, become)|
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| ken | can, ability, possibility | Tok Pisin "ken", English "can" |
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| open | start, begin, open | English "open" |
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| pini | end, finish, close | French "fini", Tok Pisin "pinis" |
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| sona | knowledge, to know (how to) | Georgian "codna" (knowledge) |
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| wile | want, need, desire | Dutch "willen" (want, desire) |
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and regular words:
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| word | meaning | derived from |
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|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
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| lupa | hole, door, window | Lojban "clupa" (loop) |
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| nasin | path, road, directive, way | Serbo-Croatian "način" (method) |
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| nena | hill, mountain, button, bump,nose| Finnish "nenä" (nose) |
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| tenpo | time, moment | Esperanto "tempo" (time) |
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## Pre-verbs
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Time to cover the last grammatical feature of toki pona: pre-verbs. These are
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words that are added before other verbs and modify their meaning.
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The word "kama" is used both as a regular verb to mean "to come" and to express
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that something is a current event:
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> mi jo e moku. -- I have food.
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>
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> mi kama jo e moku. -- I (got / am getting) food.
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> mi kama tan ma Losi -- I come from Russia.
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As a pre-verb, the word "ken" functions much like the English word "can":
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> mi pali e tomo. -- I work on a house.
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>
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> mi ken pali e tomo. -- I can work on a house.
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It can be used on its own to mean "possibility", "ability":
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> ni li ken. -- This is possible.
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> ken la ale li pona. -- Maybe everything is okay.
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The words "open" and "pini" express that the action is beginning or ending.
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> mi open pali e tomo. -- I start working on a house.
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> mi pini pali e tomo. -- I finish working on a house.
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The word "sona" by itself can mean "knowledge" or "to know", but as a pre-verb,
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it means "know how to [do the action]":
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> mi sona pali e tomo. -- I know how to work on a house.
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> mi sona e ni. -- I know this.
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> mi sona sitelen. -- I know how to write/draw.
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> mi sona e sitelen. - I know a writing/picture.
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When "kama" is added before "sona", you get a phrase that means "to learn":
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> mi kama sona toki kepeken toki pona. -- I am learning how to speak toki pona.
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The word "wile" is used to express want or need for the following action.
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> jan lili li wile moku. -- The child (is hungry / wants to eat).
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> jan lili li wile e ijo musi. The child wants a toy (amusing thing).
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> wile sina li suli mute. -- Your needs/desires are very big.
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## Time
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The word "tenpo" is useful, because it's at the basis of many phrases that allow
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one to define time at which something is happening. Since toki pona doesn't have
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grammatical tenses, the way time is generally described is by using an
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additional phrase:
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> tenpo ni la mi moku. -- (Right now, ) I eat.
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or
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> mi moku lon tenpo ni. -- I eat (at this time).
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The phrases "tenpo pini" and "tenpo kama" are commonly used to mean "past" and
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"future".
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> tenpo pini la mi pali e ijo ike mute. -- I did a lot of bad things in the
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> past.
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> tenpo kama la o moku ala e kasi ni. -- In the future, don't eat this plant.
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Of course, you can ask questions regarding time by using "tenpo seme":
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> tenpo seme la sina pini e pali sina? -- When will you finish your work?
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## Exercises
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Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
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* o open e lupa.
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* tenpo lili la mi kama tawa lon sina.
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* mi wile tawa lon ma ante.
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* sina ken ala ken kama tawa tomo mi?
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* sina kama tawa tomo mi la o kepeken e nasin Linkan.
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And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
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*
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*
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*
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*
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*
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<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
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> %spoiler%
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> * Open the door.
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> * In a moment, I'll head towards you.
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> * I want to go to other countries.
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> * Can you come to my house?
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> * If you're coming to my house, use Lincoln Street.
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> %spoiler%
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> *
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> *
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> *
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> *
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> *
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[Next page](11.html) [Previous page](9.html)
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