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* pt initial commit * indice * fix pt_index spelling * add pt_0.md * add pt_1.md * add pt_2.md * clean up and add work tracking todo.txt file * remove duplicate files * add page 3 and 4 * add pt_5.md * add pt_6.md * update todo list * start of pt_7.md and a few typo fixes * fix typo * finish pt_7.md and add pt_7a.md * fix links * add pt_8.md and pt_9.md * update todo.txt * remove incorrect def from page 8 * add pt_10.md * add pt_11.md * add pt_12.md * update todo list * add pt_13.md * update todo and add pt_answers.md * fix pt_answers.md's links * fix pt_answers.md typo * add pt_x1.md * update todo.txt to remove x1.md * add pt_sitelen_pona.md and pt_x2.md * add personal_style and credits to todo.txt * add pt_dictionary.md * add pt_credits.md and pt_personal_style.md * cleanup --------- Co-authored-by: alice netbook <alice@localhost>
89 lines
4 KiB
Markdown
89 lines
4 KiB
Markdown
% page 7a - creating toki pona unofficial words
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% /dev/urandom
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% march 2020
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To learn how to adapt names into unofficial words, first you have to know how
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toki pona's phonology works. The language's words consist of a series of
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syllables assembled under a \(C\)V\(N\) system. This means that each syllable
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consists of an optional consonant, then a vowel, then an optional nasal (the "n"
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sound).
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In addition, the sequences "ji", "ti", "wo" and "wu" turn into "i", "si", "o"
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and "u".
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Here's a table of all possible syllables.
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| a | e | i | o | u | an| en| in| on| un|
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|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
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| a | e | i | o | u | an| en| in| on| un|
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|ja |je | |jo |ju |jan|jen| |jon|jun|
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|ka |ke |ki |ko |ku |kan|ken|kin|kon|kun|
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|la |le |li |lo |lu |lan|len|lin|lon|lun|
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|ma |me |mi |mo |mu |man|men|min|mon|mun|
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|na |ne |ni |no |nu |nan|nen|nin|non|nun|
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|pa |pe |pi |po |pu |pan|pen|pin|pon|pun|
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|sa |se |si |so |su |san|sen|sin|son|sun|
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|ta |te | |to |tu |tan|ten| |ton|tun|
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|wa |we |wi | | |wan|wen|win| | |
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Another rule is that you can't follow a vowel sound by a vowel sound and you
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can't follow an "n" sound with an "m" or another "n".
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> %info%
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> The rule about not following "n" with "m" or "n" is not mentioned in
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> the official book,
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> but all proper names for countries introduced in it happen to follow it (for
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> example, Myanmar is "ma Mijama", not "ma Mijanma").
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Consonant sounds that don't exist in toki pona are replaced with similar sounds.
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For example, Rome (Roma) turns into "ma tomo Loma" and Jakarta turns into "ma
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tomo Sakata".
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| consonant | sounds it can represent |
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|:---------:|:--------------------------------|
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| j | y |
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| k | k, g, sometimes h, French r |
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| l | l, r |
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| m | m |
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| n | n, syllable-final m |
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| p | p, b, f, sometimes v |
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| s | s, z, j, ch, sh, zh, ts, x |
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| t | t, d |
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| w | v, w, sometimes r |
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To deal with several consonant or vowel sounds in a row, it's best to remove
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one of them, but as an alternative, you can add an extra syllable.
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If you're adding a syllable for a vowel sound, it usually goes with a "j" or "w"
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consonant, since they make the least sound (examples: the continent of Asia is
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"ma Asija" and the country of Eritrea is "ma Eliteja").
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If you're adding a syllable for a consonant, the vowel is either repeated from
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the last syllable or "u" (examples: Iceland(Ísland) is "ma Isilan" and Scotland
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is "ma Sukosi").
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For names of cities, it's best to use pronunciations that people _in_ that city
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would use. For example, the city of Toronto, Canada is transcribed in the
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official book as "ma tomo Towano", not "ma tomo Tolonto".
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Names for countries can be derived from the genitive case or the forms used to
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refer to their country's people or language. For example, the native name for
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Japan is pronounced "Nippon", but the one for Japanese people and the language
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is "Nihonjin" and "Nihongo" respectively. The latter two are used to create the
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unofficial word "Nijon". Similarly, the name for Sweden is "Wensa", derived from
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"svenska" ("Swedish").
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If a country or city is often referred to by its abbreviation or initialism, an
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unofficial word can be derived from that. For example, Los Angeles (L.A.) is "ma
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tomo Ele" and the United Kingdom (U.K.) is "ma Juke". This rule can be extended
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to other languages -- say, calling the Soviet Union (СССР,"es-es-es-er") "ma Sesesele".
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A rule some people use is that, if the resulting unofficial word sounds exactly
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like a native toki pona word, then the unofficial word is modified. For example,
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the name "Mary" (from which "meli" is already derived from) is typically turned
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into "jan Mewi" instead to avoid confusion.
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There are other rules, and interpretations of them differ. The official book
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has its own list, which is shorter, but less exhaustive.
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[Back to page 7](7.html) [Top page](index.html)
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