lipu-sona/pages/en/9.md

% toki pona page 9 - complex adjectives and contexts
% /dev/urandom
% 2020-03-16

The vocabulary for this page:

| word  | meaning                          |
|-------|----------------------------------|
| pi    | "of" (regroups adjectives/adverbs)|
| la    | "if/when" (introduces context)   |
| luka  | hand, arm                        |
| linja | long flexible object, string, rope, hair |
| palisa| long solid object, branch, stick |
| selo  | outer form, shell, skin, boundary|
| sijelo| body, physical state, torso      |
| len   | cloth, clothes, layer of privacy |
| lete  | cold, raw                        |
| musi  | entertaining, artistic, fun, game|

Time to introduce two other particles in this language: "pi" and "la".

## pi

The word "pi" works by grouping several adjectives or adverbs together.
Normally, all modifiers in a phrase apply to the first word. For example:

> jan wawa -- strong person

> jan wawa ala -- no strong people

If you need to say "weak people", you need to negate "wawa", but not "jan".
That's where "pi" comes in handy:

> jan pi wawa ala -- weak person/people ("of no strength")

This also goes with other words:

> jan wawa mute -- many strong people

> jan pi wawa mute -- very strong person/people

It is also useful for using common phrases:

> jan toki utala -- a speaker warrior 

> jan pi toki utala -- a critic

> %info%
> If you prefer using the "toki [adjective]" structure for describing topics of
> conversation (see [page 4](en/4) for that), then "pi" would also be used for
> specifying topics that use several words:
>
> > sina toki pi ma tomo mama sina. -- You talk about your hometown.
>

### pi with colors

Also, "pi" is frequently used for combined colors (these were described in [page
8](en/8)):

> sewi pi pimeja walo li ike tawa mi. -- I don't like gray skies.

I believe it's also okay to omit "pi", but that might be ambiguous:

> sewi pimeja walo li ike tawa mi. -- I don't like gray skies.

Some might interpret the latter as "skies that have both white and black"
instead.

### pi with unofficial words

The word "pi" is also used for phrases that use unofficial words.

> ma tomo Wasintan li ma tomo lawa pi ma Mewika. -- (the city of) Washington is
> the capital ("main city") of the United States.

> %warning%
> While "pi" is often defined as similar to the English word "of", its usage is
> different. It is only necessary when you're grouping several words together.
> So, for example, "the language of good" is still "toki pona", rather than
> "toki pi pona".

## la

The word "la" allows to combine two sentences to form conditions and introduce
context.

> [sentence A] la [sentence B].

> In the context of [sentence A], [sentence B].

In the most common case, translates to something like:

> If/when [sentence A], then [sentence B].

For example:

> moku ni li pona la mi pana e ona tawa sina. -- If this food is good, I'll give
> it to you.

> ona li moli la ni li ike tawa jan ale. -- If they die, it will be bad for
> everybody.

But there are also other uses. It can replace "lon [phrase]" when talking about
location or time (more on that in the [next page](en/10)):

> o kalama ala lon tomo lipu. -- Be quiet in the library.

> tomo lipu la o kalama ala. -- In the library, be quiet.

It can also introduce perspective, much like "tawa":

> ni li pona tawa mi. -- This is good for me. / I like it.

> mi la ni li pona. -- (From my point of view / In my opinion), this is good.

Or be used to link multiple sentences:

> tan ni la... -- Because of this, ...

> ni la... -- In the context of all this, ...

> %info%
> The usage of "la" is very flexible, and some people use it for cases other
> than those described before. Since toki pona is a very context-sensitive
> language, the most important rule is just "try to get your point across".

## Stylistic differences

> %info%
> This part of the document describes how certain toki pona courses differ in
> explaining certain ideas, or how communities differ in using them.

The official book, different online courses and my personal style
differ on how to place punctuation in sentences that use "la".

The official book uses a comma before "la" when it combines two sentences and uses no
punctuation otherwise.

The "12 days of sona pi toki pona" video series uses no punctuation in all cases
(and so did the "o kama sona e toki pona!" course).

I personally prefer using the comma after "la" for aesthetic purposes, but in
this series, no punctuation will be used. Regardless, the presence or absence of
commas in toki pona texts is largely aesthetic, as the functions they serve in
English and other languages (separating clauses, listing things) are done either
with separate sentences or by adding extra particles in toki pona.

## Exercises

Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.

* kulupu pi jan mute li ike tawa mi. 
* tomo ni la mi toki kepeken toki pona, mi toki kepeken toki Inli.
* sina moku e soweli lete la ona li ike tawa sijelo sina.
* kalama musi ona li pona mute.
* sina kepeken ike e ilo la ona li pakala.

And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.

* I like blue sky more than gray sky. 
* If it's dark outside, stay at home.
* He is in the bar ("house of intoxicating water"). 
* The loud person ("person of large sounds") says weird things.
* That blonde ("woman of white hair") is good-looking. 
* If you don't talk to people, you won't have friends.

[Answers](en/answers#p9)

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