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% toki pona page 8 - interjections, questions, commands % toki pona page 8 - interjections, questions, commands and names
% /dev/urandom % /dev/urandom
% march 2020 % march 2020
The vocabulary for this page: The vocabulary for this page:
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------| |-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| a | (emotional interjection) | n/a | | a | (emotional interjection) | n/a |
| anu | or (for yes/no questions) | Georgian "an" (or) | | anu | or (for yes/no questions) | Georgian "an" (or) |
| mu | (any animal sound) | "moo" onomatopoeia | | mu | (any animal sound) | "moo" onomatopoeia |
| o | (addressing people, commands) | Georgian "-o" (vocative case) | | o | (addressing people, commands) | Georgian "-o" (vocative case) |
| seme | what? (for questions) | Mandarin "shénme" (what, smth) | | seme | what? (for questions) | Mandarin "shénme" (what, smth) |
| word | meaning | derived from | | word | meaning | derived from |
|---------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------| |-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kute | listen, hear, obey, ear | | | kute | listen, hear, obey, ear | Acadian French "écouter" (listen)|
| | | | | open | start, begin, open, turn on | English "open" |
| | | | | pini | end, finish, close, turn off | Tok Pisin "pinis" (perfective) |
| | | | | anpa | lowly, humble, to conquer/defeat | Acadian French "en bas" (below) |
| | | | | insa | inside, contents, center, stomach| Tok Pisin "insait" (inside) |
## Interjections and commands
The word "a" functions like a emotional interjection. It is usually either added
at the end of a sentence or functions as a sentence on its own.
> sina suwi a! -- You are so cute!
More specifically, laughter is indicated with the sentence "a a a!" (ha ha ha!).
The word "mu" substitutes for any sound made by any animal.
The word "o" is used to address people and issue commands.
When used on its own at the beginning of a sentence, it turns the rest of the
message into a command.
> o kute e mi! -- Listen to me!
When used after a noun phrase, it addresses a person.
> sina o! -- Hey, you!
Both uses can be combined.
> jan pali o, kepeken e ilo awen! -- Worker, use protective equipment!
## Questions
There are two ways to ask questions in toki pona.
If you want to ask a yes-or-no question, you phrase the sentence normally, but
replace the word being questioned with a "[word] ala [word]" structure.
> sina pona ala pona? -- Are you okay?
There are no words for "yes" and "no", so to answer positively, you repeat the
verb, and to answer negatively, you add "ala".
> pona. -- Yes.
> pona ala. -- No.
(From what I understand, this structure is similar to what is used in Mandarin.)
> ona li pali ala pali? -- Are they working?
> jan lili li moku ala moku? -- Are the children eating?
Alternatively, you can add "anu seme" ("or what?") instead.
> sina pona anu seme? -- Are you okay?
For freeform questions, you start with a regular sentence, but replace the word
you're interested in with "seme".
> sina pali e seme? -- What are you (doing/working on)?
## Names (unofficial words)
So far, these pages only relied on native toki pona words to refer to things and
people. But this is clearly not enough when you need to call someone by their
name. For proper names, toki pona uses so-called "unofficial words". These are
usually names of people, cities, countries, etc., taken from their native
languages and adapted to toki pona's pronunciation rules. Unlike all toki pona
words, they're spelled with the first letter capitalized.
Unofficial words are always treated as adjectives, which means that before them
is always a noun or a noun phrase describing what is being referred to.
> jan Mimi -- (the person) Mimi
> ma Kanata -- (the country) Canada
> ma tomo Napoli -- (the city) Naples
Thanks to different people interpreting both the native names and toki pona's
sounds in different ways, there may ultimately be several different unofficial
names for the same city or country's name.
Also, people speaking toki pona are free to pick their own personal toki pona
names, either by adapting the name from their native language or coming up with
something new.

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% page 8a - creating toki pona unofficial words
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
To learn how to adapt names into unofficial words, first you have to know how
toki pona's phonology works. The language's words consist of a series of
syllables assembled under a (C)V(N) system. This means that each syllable
consists of an optional consonant, then a vowel, then a nasal (the "n" sound).
In addition, the sequences "ji", "ti", "wo" and "wu" turn into "i", "si", "o"
and "u".
Here's a table of all possible syllables.
| a | e | i | o | u | an| en| in| on| un|
|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
| a | e | i | o | u | an| en| in| on| un|
|ja |je | |jo |ju |jan|jen| |jon|jun|
|ka |ke |ki |ko |ku |kan|ken|kin|kon|kun|
|la |le |li |lo |lu |lan|len|lin|lon|lun|
|ma |me |mi |mo |mu |man|men|min|mon|mun|
|na |ne |ni |no |nu |nan|nen|nin|non|nun|
|pa |pe |pi |po |pu |pan|pen|pin|pon|pun|
|sa |se |si |so |su |san|sen|sin|son|sun|
|ta |te | |to |tu |tan|ten| |ton|tun|
|wa |we |wi | | |wan|wen|win| | |
Another rule is that you can't follow a vowel sound by a vowel sound, and you
can't follow a nasal "n" sound with a "m" or another "n".
Consonant sounds that don't exist in toki pona are replaced with similar sounds.
For example, Rome (Roma) turns into "ma tomo Loma" and Jakarta turns into "ma
tomo Sakata".
| consonant | sounds it can represent |
|:---------:|:--------------------------------|
| j | y |
| k | k, g, sometimes h, French r |
| l | l, r |
| m | m |
| n | n, syllable-final m |
| p | p, b, f, sometimes v |
| s | s, z, j, ch, sh, zh, ts, x |
| t | t, d |
| w | v, w, sometimes r |
To deal with several consonant or vowel sounds in a row, you can either remove
one of them or add an extra one.
For names of cities, it's best to use pronunciations that people _in_ that city
would use. For example, the city of Toronto, Canada is transcribed in the
official book as "ma tomo Towano", not "ma tomo Tolonto".
There are other rules, and interpretations of them differ. The "o kama sona e
toki pona!" course features [this
list of rules](http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/tpize.php), and the official book
has its own.
[Back to page 8](8.html)

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vocab.txt
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| ala | 3 | | ala | 3 |
| alasa | | | alasa | |
| ale/ali | 3 | | ale/ali | 3 |
| anpa | 7 | | anpa | 8 |
| ante | 6 | | ante | 6 |
| anu | 8 | | anu | 8 |
| awen | 6 | | awen | 6 |
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
| ijo | 4 | | ijo | 4 |
| ike | 2 | | ike | 2 |
| ilo | 4 | | ilo | 4 |
| insa | | | insa | 8 |
| jaki | | | jaki | |
| jan | 3 | | jan | 3 |
| jelo | | | jelo | |
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
| la | | | la | |
| lape | 6 | | lape | 6 |
| laso | | | laso | |
| lawa | 7 | | lawa | |
| len | | | len | |
| lete | | | lete | |
| li | 2 | | li | 2 |
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
| o | 8 | | o | 8 |
| olin | 4 | | olin | 4 |
| ona | 2 | | ona | 2 |
| open | | | open | 8 |
| pakala | 6 | | pakala | 6 |
| pali | 4 | | pali | 4 |
| palisa | | | palisa | |
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
| pi | | | pi | |
| pilin | | | pilin | |
| pimeja | | | pimeja | |
| pini | | | pini | 8 |
| pipi | 5 | | pipi | 5 |
| poka | 7 | | poka | 7 |
| poki | | | poki | |