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% toki pona page 10 - pre-verbs, time and place
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
The vocabulary for this page -- pre-verbs:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| kama | coming, future, event | Tok Pisin "kamap" (event, become)|
| ken | can, ability, possibility | Tok Pisin "ken", English "can" |
| open | start, begin, open | English "open" |
| pini | end, finish, close | French "fini", Tok Pisin "pinis" |
| sona | knowledge, to know (how to) | Georgian "codna" (knowledge) |
| wile | want, need, desire | Dutch "willen" (want, desire) |
and regular words:
| word | meaning | derived from |
|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| lupa | hole, door, window | Lojban "clupa" (loop) |
| nasin | path, road, directive, way | Serbo-Croatian "način" (method) |
| nena | hill, mountain, button, bump,nose| Finnish "nenä" (nose) |
| tenpo | time, moment | Esperanto "tempo" (time) |
## Pre-verbs
Time to cover the last grammatical feature of toki pona: pre-verbs. These are
words that are added before other verbs and modify their meaning.
The word "kama" is used both as a regular verb to mean "to come" and to express
that something is a current event:
> mi jo e moku. -- I have food.
>
> mi kama jo e moku. -- I (got / am getting) food.
> mi kama tan ma Losi -- I come from Russia.
As a pre-verb, the word "ken" functions much like the English word "can":
> mi pali e tomo. -- I work on a house.
>
> mi ken pali e tomo. -- I can work on a house.
It can be used on its own to mean "possibility", "ability":
> ni li ken. -- This is possible.
> ken la ale li pona. -- Maybe everything is okay.
The words "open" and "pini" express that the action is beginning or ending.
> mi open pali e tomo. -- I start working on a house.
> mi pini pali e tomo. -- I finish working on a house.
The word "sona" by itself can mean "knowledge" or "to know", but as a pre-verb,
it means "know how to [do the action]":
> mi sona pali e tomo. -- I know how to work on a house.
> mi sona e ni. -- I know this.
> mi sona sitelen. -- I know how to write/draw.
> mi sona e sitelen. - I know a writing/picture.
When "kama" is added before "sona", you get a phrase that means "to learn":
> mi kama sona toki kepeken toki pona. -- I am learning how to speak toki pona.
The word "wile" is used to express want or need for the following action.
> jan lili li wile moku. -- The child (is hungry / wants to eat).
> jan lili li wile e ijo musi. The child wants a toy (amusing thing).
> wile sina li suli mute. -- Your needs/desires are very big.
## Time
The word "tenpo" is useful, because it's at the basis of many phrases that allow
one to define time at which something is happening. Since toki pona doesn't have
grammatical tenses, the way time is generally described is by using an
additional phrase:
> tenpo ni la mi moku. -- (Right now, ) I eat.
or
> mi moku lon tenpo ni. -- I eat (at this time).
The phrases "tenpo pini" and "tenpo kama" are commonly used to mean "past" and
"future".
> tenpo pini la mi pali e ijo ike mute. -- I did a lot of bad things in the
> past.
> tenpo kama la o moku ala e kasi ni. -- In the future, don't eat this plant.
Of course, you can ask questions regarding time by using "tenpo seme":
> tenpo seme la sina pini e pali sina? -- When will you finish your work?
## Exercises
Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences.
* o open e lupa.
* tenpo lili la mi kama tawa lon sina.
* mi wile tawa lon ma ante.
* sina ken ala ken kama tawa tomo mi?
* sina kama tawa tomo mi la o kepeken e nasin Linkan.
And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona.
*
*
*
*
*
<a name="answers" href="#answers" onclick="revealSpoilers();">Reveal answers</a>
> %spoiler%
> * Open the door.
> * In a moment, I'll head towards you.
> * I want to go to other countries.
> * Can you come to my house?
> * If you're coming to my house, use Lincoln Street.
> %spoiler%
> *
> *
> *
> *
> *
[Next page](11.html) [Previous page](9.html)

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@ -49,7 +49,15 @@ context.
This translates to something like: This translates to something like:
> If [sentence A], then [sentence B]. > If/when [sentence A], then [sentence B].
For example:
> moku ni li pona la mi pana e ona tawa sina. -- If this food is good, I'll give
> it to you.
> ona li moli la ni li ike tawa jan ale. -- If they die, it will be bad for
> everybody.
## Dialectal differences ## Dialectal differences
@ -65,7 +73,10 @@ punctuation.
The online course doesn't use any punctuation. The online course doesn't use any punctuation.
I personally prefer using the comma after "la". I personally prefer using the comma after "la", but for the sake of
compatibility with other courses, no punctuation will be used. Since commas are
not used as actual grammatical features in written toki pona, it is possible to
vary their usage.
## Exercises ## Exercises

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% страница 0 - орфография и произношение
% /dev/urandom
% march 2020
Язык токи пона использует 14 букв латинского алфавита. У всех этих букв всегда
предсказуемые произношения.
Эти буквы: a,e,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,s,t,u,w.
Все слова в языке токи пона пишутся строчными буквами, даже в начале
предложений.
Произношения соответствуют следующим буквам русского языка:
| a | e | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | s | t | u | w |
|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
| а |э/е| и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | с | т | у | в |
Последовательности букв "ja", "je", "jo" and "ju" также соответствуют буквам
"я", "е", "ё" и "ю". (Последовательность "ji" не разрешена правилами языка.)
[Следующая страница](ru_1.html)

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| word | page | | word | page |
|----------|---------| |----------|---------|
| a/kin | 8 | | a/kin | 7 |
| akesi | | | akesi | |
| ala | 3 | | ala | 2 |
| alasa | | | alasa | |
| ale/ali | 3 | | ale/ali | 2 |
| anpa | 8 | | anpa | 7 |
| ante | 6 | | ante | 5 |
| anu | 8 | | anu | 7 |
| awen | 6 | | awen | 5 |
| e | 4 | | e | 3 |
| en | 6 | | en | 5 |
| esun | | | esun | |
| ijo | 4 | | ijo | 3 |
| ike | 2 | | ike | 1 |
| ilo | 4 | | ilo | 3 |
| insa | 8 | | insa | 7 |
| jaki | 9 | | jaki | 8 |
| jan | 3 | | jan | 2 |
| jelo | 9 | | jelo | 8 |
| jo | 5 | | jo | 4 |
| kala | 5 | | kala | 4 |
| kalama | 6 | | kalama | 5 |
| kama | 11 | | kama | 10 |
| kasi | 5 | | kasi | 4 |
| ken | 11 | | ken | 10 |
| kepeken | 7 | | kepeken | 6 |
| kili | 2 | | kili | 1 |
| kiwen | 5 | | kiwen | 4 |
| ko | 5 | | ko | 4 |
| kon | | | kon | |
| kule | 9 | | kule | 8 |
| kulupu | 6 | | kulupu | 5 |
| kute | 8 | | kute | 7 |
| la | 10 | | la | 9 |
| lape | 6 | | lape | 5 |
| laso | 9 | | laso | 8 |
| lawa | 8 | | lawa | 7 |
| len | 10 | | len | 9 |
| lete | 10 | | lete | 9 |
| li | 2 | | li | 1 |
| lili | 2 | | lili | 1 |
| linja | 10 | | linja | 9 |
| lipu | 4 | | lipu | 3 |
| loje | 9 | | loje | 8 |
| lon | 7 | | lon | 6 |
| luka | 10 | | luka | 9 |
| lukin | 4 | | lukin | 3 |
| lupa | 11 | | lupa | 10 |
| ma | 5 | | ma | 4 |
| mama | 3 | | mama | 2 |
| mani | | | mani | |
| meli | 3 | | meli | 2 |
| mi | 2 | | mi | 1 |
| mije | 3 | | mije | 2 |
| moku | 3 | | moku | 2 |
| moli | 9 | | moli | 8 |
| monsi | 7 | | monsi | 6 |
| mu | 8 | | mu | 7 |
| mun | | | mun | |
| musi | 10 | | musi | 9 |
| mute | 6 | | mute | 5 |
| nanpa | | | nanpa | |
| nasa | 9 | | nasa | 8 |
| nasin | 11 | | nasin | 10 |
| nena | 11 | | nena | 10 |
| ni | 6 | | ni | 5 |
| nimi | 8 | | nimi | 7 |
| noka | 7 | | noka | 6 |
| o | 8 | | o | 7 |
| olin | 4 | | olin | 3 |
| ona | 2 | | ona | 1 |
| open | 11 | | open | 10 |
| pakala | 6 | | pakala | 5 |
| pali | 4 | | pali | 3 |
| palisa | | | palisa | 9 |
| pan | | | pan | |
| pana | 4 | | pana | 3 |
| pi | 10 | | pi | 9 |
| pilin | | | pilin | |
| pimeja | 9 | | pimeja | 8 |
| pini | 11 | | pini | 10 |
| pipi | 5 | | pipi | 4 |
| poka | 7 | | poka | 6 |
| poki | | | poki | |
| pona | 2 | | pona | 1 |
| pu | | | pu | |
| sama | 7 | | sama | 6 |
| seli | 6 | | seli | 5 |
| selo | 10 | | selo | 9 |
| seme | 8 | | seme | 7 |
| sewi | 7 | | sewi | 6 |
| sijelo | 10 | | sijelo | 9 |
| sike | | | sike | |
| sin | | | sin | |
| sina | 2 | | sina | 1 |
| sinpin | 7 | | sinpin | 6 |
| sitelen | 5 | | sitelen | 4 |
| sona | 11 | | sona | 10 |
| soweli | 2 | | soweli | 1 |
| suli | 2 | | suli | 1 |
| suno | | | suno | |
| supa | | | supa | |
| suwi | 3 | | suwi | 2 |
| tan | 7 | | tan | 6 |
| taso | | | taso | |
| tawa | 7 | | tawa | 6 |
| telo | 4 | | telo | 3 |
| tenpo | 11 | | tenpo | 10 |
| toki | 5 | | toki | 4 |
| tomo | 4 | | tomo | 3 |
| tu | | | tu | |
| unpa | 9 | | unpa | 8 |
| uta | | | uta | |
| utala | 3 | | utala | 2 |
| walo | 9 | | walo | 8 |
| wan | | | wan | |
| waso | 5 | | waso | 4 |
| wawa | 3 | | wawa | 2 |
| weka | | | weka | |
| wile | 11 | | wile | 10 |