diff --git a/pages/tokipona/10.md b/pages/tokipona/10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3793adc --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/tokipona/10.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +% toki pona page 10 - pre-verbs, time and place +% /dev/urandom +% march 2020 + +The vocabulary for this page -- pre-verbs: + +| word | meaning | derived from | +|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------| +| kama | coming, future, event | Tok Pisin "kamap" (event, become)| +| ken | can, ability, possibility | Tok Pisin "ken", English "can" | +| open | start, begin, open | English "open" | +| pini | end, finish, close | French "fini", Tok Pisin "pinis" | +| sona | knowledge, to know (how to) | Georgian "codna" (knowledge) | +| wile | want, need, desire | Dutch "willen" (want, desire) | + +and regular words: + +| word | meaning | derived from | +|-------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------| +| lupa | hole, door, window | Lojban "clupa" (loop) | +| nasin | path, road, directive, way | Serbo-Croatian "način" (method) | +| nena | hill, mountain, button, bump,nose| Finnish "nenä" (nose) | +| tenpo | time, moment | Esperanto "tempo" (time) | + +## Pre-verbs + +Time to cover the last grammatical feature of toki pona: pre-verbs. These are +words that are added before other verbs and modify their meaning. + +The word "kama" is used both as a regular verb to mean "to come" and to express +that something is a current event: + +> mi jo e moku. -- I have food. +> +> mi kama jo e moku. -- I (got / am getting) food. + +> mi kama tan ma Losi -- I come from Russia. + +As a pre-verb, the word "ken" functions much like the English word "can": + +> mi pali e tomo. -- I work on a house. +> +> mi ken pali e tomo. -- I can work on a house. + +It can be used on its own to mean "possibility", "ability": + +> ni li ken. -- This is possible. + +> ken la ale li pona. -- Maybe everything is okay. + +The words "open" and "pini" express that the action is beginning or ending. + +> mi open pali e tomo. -- I start working on a house. + +> mi pini pali e tomo. -- I finish working on a house. + +The word "sona" by itself can mean "knowledge" or "to know", but as a pre-verb, +it means "know how to [do the action]": + +> mi sona pali e tomo. -- I know how to work on a house. + +> mi sona e ni. -- I know this. + +> mi sona sitelen. -- I know how to write/draw. + +> mi sona e sitelen. - I know a writing/picture. + +When "kama" is added before "sona", you get a phrase that means "to learn": + +> mi kama sona toki kepeken toki pona. -- I am learning how to speak toki pona. + +The word "wile" is used to express want or need for the following action. + +> jan lili li wile moku. -- The child (is hungry / wants to eat). + +> jan lili li wile e ijo musi. The child wants a toy (amusing thing). + +> wile sina li suli mute. -- Your needs/desires are very big. + +## Time + +The word "tenpo" is useful, because it's at the basis of many phrases that allow +one to define time at which something is happening. Since toki pona doesn't have +grammatical tenses, the way time is generally described is by using an +additional phrase: + +> tenpo ni la mi moku. -- (Right now, ) I eat. + +or + +> mi moku lon tenpo ni. -- I eat (at this time). + +The phrases "tenpo pini" and "tenpo kama" are commonly used to mean "past" and +"future". + +> tenpo pini la mi pali e ijo ike mute. -- I did a lot of bad things in the +> past. + +> tenpo kama la o moku ala e kasi ni. -- In the future, don't eat this plant. + +Of course, you can ask questions regarding time by using "tenpo seme": + +> tenpo seme la sina pini e pali sina? -- When will you finish your work? + +## Exercises + +Now, try to figure out the meaning of these sentences. + +* o open e lupa. +* tenpo lili la mi kama tawa lon sina. +* mi wile tawa lon ma ante. +* sina ken ala ken kama tawa tomo mi? +* sina kama tawa tomo mi la o kepeken e nasin Linkan. + +And try to translate the following sentences into toki pona. + +* +* +* +* +* + +Reveal answers + +> %spoiler% +> * Open the door. +> * In a moment, I'll head towards you. +> * I want to go to other countries. +> * Can you come to my house? +> * If you're coming to my house, use Lincoln Street. + +> %spoiler% +> * +> * +> * +> * +> * + +[Next page](11.html) [Previous page](9.html) diff --git a/pages/tokipona/9.md b/pages/tokipona/9.md index d5ea3e7..9d48d81 100644 --- a/pages/tokipona/9.md +++ b/pages/tokipona/9.md @@ -49,7 +49,15 @@ context. This translates to something like: -> If [sentence A], then [sentence B]. +> If/when [sentence A], then [sentence B]. + +For example: + +> moku ni li pona la mi pana e ona tawa sina. -- If this food is good, I'll give +> it to you. + +> ona li moli la ni li ike tawa jan ale. -- If they die, it will be bad for +> everybody. ## Dialectal differences @@ -65,7 +73,10 @@ punctuation. The online course doesn't use any punctuation. -I personally prefer using the comma after "la". +I personally prefer using the comma after "la", but for the sake of +compatibility with other courses, no punctuation will be used. Since commas are +not used as actual grammatical features in written toki pona, it is possible to +vary their usage. ## Exercises diff --git a/pages/tokipona/ru_0.md b/pages/tokipona/ru_0.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..556ff7b --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/tokipona/ru_0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +% страница 0 - орфография и произношение +% /dev/urandom +% march 2020 + +Язык токи пона использует 14 букв латинского алфавита. У всех этих букв всегда +предсказуемые произношения. + +Эти буквы: a,e,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,s,t,u,w. + +Все слова в языке токи пона пишутся строчными буквами, даже в начале +предложений. + +Произношения соответствуют следующим буквам русского языка: + +| a | e | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | s | t | u | w | +|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:| +| а |э/е| и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | с | т | у | в | + +Последовательности букв "ja", "je", "jo" and "ju" также соответствуют буквам +"я", "е", "ё" и "ю". (Последовательность "ji" не разрешена правилами языка.) + +[Следующая страница](ru_1.html) diff --git a/vocab.txt b/vocab.txt index e6f5530..b1aafb4 100644 --- a/vocab.txt +++ b/vocab.txt @@ -1,123 +1,123 @@ | word | page | |----------|---------| -| a/kin | 8 | +| a/kin | 7 | | akesi | | -| ala | 3 | +| ala | 2 | | alasa | | -| ale/ali | 3 | -| anpa | 8 | -| ante | 6 | -| anu | 8 | -| awen | 6 | -| e | 4 | -| en | 6 | +| ale/ali | 2 | +| anpa | 7 | +| ante | 5 | +| anu | 7 | +| awen | 5 | +| e | 3 | +| en | 5 | | esun | | -| ijo | 4 | -| ike | 2 | -| ilo | 4 | -| insa | 8 | -| jaki | 9 | -| jan | 3 | -| jelo | 9 | -| jo | 5 | -| kala | 5 | -| kalama | 6 | -| kama | 11 | -| kasi | 5 | -| ken | 11 | -| kepeken | 7 | -| kili | 2 | -| kiwen | 5 | -| ko | 5 | +| ijo | 3 | +| ike | 1 | +| ilo | 3 | +| insa | 7 | +| jaki | 8 | +| jan | 2 | +| jelo | 8 | +| jo | 4 | +| kala | 4 | +| kalama | 5 | +| kama | 10 | +| kasi | 4 | +| ken | 10 | +| kepeken | 6 | +| kili | 1 | +| kiwen | 4 | +| ko | 4 | | kon | | -| kule | 9 | -| kulupu | 6 | -| kute | 8 | -| la | 10 | -| lape | 6 | -| laso | 9 | -| lawa | 8 | -| len | 10 | -| lete | 10 | -| li | 2 | -| lili | 2 | -| linja | 10 | -| lipu | 4 | -| loje | 9 | -| lon | 7 | -| luka | 10 | -| lukin | 4 | -| lupa | 11 | -| ma | 5 | -| mama | 3 | +| kule | 8 | +| kulupu | 5 | +| kute | 7 | +| la | 9 | +| lape | 5 | +| laso | 8 | +| lawa | 7 | +| len | 9 | +| lete | 9 | +| li | 1 | +| lili | 1 | +| linja | 9 | +| lipu | 3 | +| loje | 8 | +| lon | 6 | +| luka | 9 | +| lukin | 3 | +| lupa | 10 | +| ma | 4 | +| mama | 2 | | mani | | -| meli | 3 | -| mi | 2 | -| mije | 3 | -| moku | 3 | -| moli | 9 | -| monsi | 7 | -| mu | 8 | +| meli | 2 | +| mi | 1 | +| mije | 2 | +| moku | 2 | +| moli | 8 | +| monsi | 6 | +| mu | 7 | | mun | | -| musi | 10 | -| mute | 6 | +| musi | 9 | +| mute | 5 | | nanpa | | -| nasa | 9 | -| nasin | 11 | -| nena | 11 | -| ni | 6 | -| nimi | 8 | -| noka | 7 | -| o | 8 | -| olin | 4 | -| ona | 2 | -| open | 11 | -| pakala | 6 | -| pali | 4 | -| palisa | | +| nasa | 8 | +| nasin | 10 | +| nena | 10 | +| ni | 5 | +| nimi | 7 | +| noka | 6 | +| o | 7 | +| olin | 3 | +| ona | 1 | +| open | 10 | +| pakala | 5 | +| pali | 3 | +| palisa | 9 | | pan | | -| pana | 4 | -| pi | 10 | +| pana | 3 | +| pi | 9 | | pilin | | -| pimeja | 9 | -| pini | 11 | -| pipi | 5 | -| poka | 7 | +| pimeja | 8 | +| pini | 10 | +| pipi | 4 | +| poka | 6 | | poki | | -| pona | 2 | +| pona | 1 | | pu | | -| sama | 7 | -| seli | 6 | -| selo | 10 | -| seme | 8 | -| sewi | 7 | -| sijelo | 10 | +| sama | 6 | +| seli | 5 | +| selo | 9 | +| seme | 7 | +| sewi | 6 | +| sijelo | 9 | | sike | | | sin | | -| sina | 2 | -| sinpin | 7 | -| sitelen | 5 | -| sona | 11 | -| soweli | 2 | -| suli | 2 | +| sina | 1 | +| sinpin | 6 | +| sitelen | 4 | +| sona | 10 | +| soweli | 1 | +| suli | 1 | | suno | | | supa | | -| suwi | 3 | -| tan | 7 | +| suwi | 2 | +| tan | 6 | | taso | | -| tawa | 7 | -| telo | 4 | -| tenpo | 11 | -| toki | 5 | -| tomo | 4 | +| tawa | 6 | +| telo | 3 | +| tenpo | 10 | +| toki | 4 | +| tomo | 3 | | tu | | -| unpa | 9 | +| unpa | 8 | | uta | | -| utala | 3 | -| walo | 9 | +| utala | 2 | +| walo | 8 | | wan | | -| waso | 5 | -| wawa | 3 | +| waso | 4 | +| wawa | 2 | | weka | | -| wile | 11 | +| wile | 10 |